Picture & musical instrument Essay

In this picture, it showcases a man playing a musical instrument called bagpipes which are prominent and widely used in Scotland and Ireland. Based on the composition of the image, the man is probably a musician from an average social class because his choice clothing is typically worn by commoners probably during the Renaissance period. Generally, this illustration depicts an ordinary event in a musician’s life in the early periods. There are many components in this image that can tell the story of this single picture. Lines, shapes, color, shading and proportions are the elements that give life to a portrait. For the hat, it is a simple head ornament made from a plain fabric. The color gray with touches of brown suggest that it must had been used numerous times. The color combination gives it an aged look making it in a way look stylish. More so, the flower with a hint of light purple and baby pink colored petals that is surrounded by a couple of olive green leaves provided a natural component in the musician’s head cover. At first, it may seem that the beautiful flower is wilting probably because of its downward position but if viewers would look closely, the loveliness of the flower resides on its perfect color combination which exudes harmony. Additionally, a two-toned colored feather is also present on the hat. It is seamlessly intertwined with the flower. The feather added life on this very minimal hat through the blending of the colors gold and cream. Furthermore, the soft brushstrokes on the strands of the feathers give a sense of movement. It contrasted the stiff but delicate position of the flower. Moreover, the feather and the flower can be considered as accents of the hat that showcases the creativity of the musician and his love for things that possess simple yet striking beauty. On another note, hats are usually are worn outdoors during sunny days to protect the face from the rays of the sun. But on this picture, the black background suggests that the time was around in the evening or he was probably indoors which justifies the dark backdrop. Meanwhile, the relatively large brim of the hat had cast a shadow on the musician’s face. In a way, his wrinkles were partly concealed from the viewers’ line of sight. But if it will be examined closely, the series of lines on the forehead and on the mouth area can be considered as the focal points of the facial features. These lines indicate that the musician is probably in his late 40s or early 50s. On the other hand, the eyes tell a different story. It is hard to tell whether the arch of the left eyebrow and the roundness of the eyes signify an emotion. He can either be feeling tired or impassive during his performance. The semi-closed mouth with ripples of lines along the cheek area also adds up to the anonymity of the musician’s emotions. No outstanding feature can really be distinguished making it hard to determine the prominent mood of the painting. Overall, the musician’s face was painted in details. The realistic skin-toned color of the face accented by a small blush of red on the cheeks, the protruding nose, big black eyes, arched eyebrows, nude lips and the fine facial lines made an accurate representation of a male’s physical appearance. Furthermore, the layers of wardrobe added more personality into the painting. The musician is wearing three layers of garments. In the first layer is a white collared long sleeve shirt which is covered by a red V-shaped long sleeve with a wide collar. The bottom of the red shirt is tightened by a garter producing sections of scrunched up fabrics. Also, it seems that there is a set of embroidery at the bottom of the red shirt which serves as the accents to this plain piece of clothing. It is evident from the collar line to the sleeves that the musician is wearing layered clothes. Also, the combination of red and white complements very well. The simplicity of the white is balanced off by the intensity of the red. The third layer is a coat which has the same color as the hat with a dominant grayish tone but with touches of light brown and white. Also, the utilization of dark colors gave a slimming effect on the musician which made him look less stocky. The lining of the coat has a similar shade with the red shirt but more on the orange side. Probably this was intended to give continuity and proper blending of the colors used in the outfit. The whole look of the clothes did not seem stiff because of the folds seen all over the layers of clothing. The folds were intricately added to add movement in order for the clothes to look like as if they were moving with the musician. More so, these folds or lines contrasted the heaviness of the coat which gave a fluid quality to the whole picture. An unusual element was present on the left sleeve of the coat. This object has a circular shape with three layers of different sizes ranging from small to large. At one end is a hole where a red ribbon was tied which was pinned into the coat. Most likely this object is a type of medal that represents the musician’s profession or his achievements or this could just be an ornament used for fashion purposes. Regardless of its function, the circular object adds a touch of splendor to the whole garment. Moreover, the layers of clothing suggest that the weather was cold and that the musician needed the three levels of shirts to provide heat in order for him to properly play his bagpipes. Meanwhile, the bagpipe was illustrated in a neutral mocha brown color. Four pipes of varying heights and appearance were strategically strewn all over the irregularly shaped leather bagpipe. Because of the different sizes of pipes, it gave an illusion of elevation giving some dimension to a flat medium. Also, the creases on the bagpipe added some movement and tension to the image. Furthermore, the hands of the musician holding the main pipe were precisely demonstrated. The veins, the nails and even the lines on the knuckles were accurately portrayed. The viewers can really notice these details which suggest that these hands have been through a lot of experience in playing musical instruments. Despite the rigidity of the details on the hands, the way the hands were positioned displayed softness and finesse which is a true mark of a talented musician.

Emile Durkeim, rational choice theory, Sykes and Matza

Chelsea Tirado Professor Lay Intro To Criminal Justice 4:30-5:45 1. Emile Durkeim believed that deviance and or crime was a normal thing to do. He believed it to be a second nature. According to the textbook, he first noted that all human societies have crime, even if there is differences in terms of what acts are criminalized. He also saw that crime would not occur only if every single being in society agreed not to commit a bad act. This would not work because of all the human diversity in the world.Kai Erickson believes that deviant acts are considered along a norm that was violated. One function of deviance is to maintain control in socities. According to the textbook, Erickson states that each deviant act, the community has an opportunity to reflect on deviance and decide whether the boundaries of acceptable behavior should be strengthened, kept the same, or relaxed. Erickson and Durkheim's views are both similar and different. Erickson's view has more of a psychology base, mean while Durkheim's view is a bit more straightforward. 2.According to the textbook, the rational choice theory is defined as an explanation for crime suggesting that offenders use a strategic thinking process to valuate the potential rewards and risks from committing a crime and make their decision accordingly about whether or not to commit the crime. It is a modern version of classical criminology using free will as a philosophical base. In shorter words, when a criminal commits a crime, they have a decision process that goes through their head of both how to commit the crime, and the consequences if caught.When a criminal goes through the rational choice, they may also be deterred from committing the crime all together. According to the textbook, the routine activities theory is defined as a theory that views crime and victimization as a unction of peoples everyday behavior, habits, lifestyle, living conditions, and social interactions. This theory suggests that crime occurs when th ree elements converge† a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardians.In shorter words, the routine activities theory explains that offenders are pretty much set in their ways. These two theories are both alike, but mostly different. The rational choice theory suggests that a criminal goes through more of a thinking process as opposed to the routine activities theory that suggests that crime and victimization is a part of behavior. 4. Gresham Sykes and David Matza have a technique that is practiced with neutralization. Offenders learn to ignore social values and morals which in turn they commit a crime.Sykes and Matza came up with five techniques that may neutralize norms, and social values. The first one is denial of responsibility. According to this technique, criminals will tend to defer the fault from themselves. The second one is the denial of injury. The denial of injury is when a criminal will reason that the victim wasn't greatly harmed so it shouldn't be a big deal. The third one is denial of the victim. This means that even though the criminal accepts guilt for ondemnation of the condemners.Condemnation of the condemners means that a criminal will reason with themselves that most people do the illegal act. The criminal's reasoning would be, â€Å"But everyone does it! † The fifth one is appeal to higher loyalties. This means that the offender was inflicted with a decision between violating the law and violating a trust. For example, this means that a family member, or friend may have requested that the criminal drives drunk to them because they need a ride home. Instead of violating the trust between the family member or friend, the offender will violate the law instead.

Business overview of Deloitte Consulting

Business overview of Deloitte Consulting Deloitte Consulting is one of the world’s largest consulting firms, with 12,000 consultants serving more than one-third of the Fortune Global 500 in more than 30 countries. It’s a powerful firm that incorporates all types of services in its business from research through implementation. More importantly through the eyes of it’s employees it is seen as a humane, balanced, and enjoyable place to work, where talent can rise quickly. The firm which started out as Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (DTT) was initially an international accounting firm, founded in 1845 by former bankruptcy clerk William Welch Deloitte. As the firm began to grow there was increased pressure on the business to separate from their parent accounting firms, and a new strategy had to be put in motion. In March of 2003, the firm announced it had ended discussions to separate its consulting practice from the parent accounting firm, reasons included a tight credit market and poor economic conditions. Del oitte Consulting, is now fully merged back into its parent company, which is now known simply as Deloitte. The company today competes with other large and mid-size consulting firms for the business of companies that do more than $500 million in sales. It’s known primarily for its one stop shop designs that deliver â€Å"executable strategies† that it will help implement for clients of all sizes. Some of these clients include Boeing, GM, Chevron Texaco, and retailer The Gap amongst other. One of the ways Deloitte stands out form its competitors is by providing clients with a more personalized contract which takes into mind their short and long term goals as well as other factors. By have well trained consultants and project staff the firm is able to initiate strong conversation and detailed research. They are able to collaborate better and are more responsive to their needs. Deloitte has services in five service areas. The firm integrates process capabilities and servic e lines into each service area. Deloitte consultants work with eight industry groups in three geographic regions. When new people are hired into one of the regional offices they generally work in a particular geographic region. When starting your career with Deloitte, as you become more familiar with the processes ways of doing things you’ll gradually specialize in a service line and industry group. However as with any small or large organization you will initially work within different areas and on different project types. The four key business areas the company operates in include : Audit Financial advisory, Tax Consulting Market Position Deloitte Consulting is seen as one of the leaders in the industry competing with other large and midsize consulting firms. Since it’s had a reputation of quality service and commitment to it’s clients they have been able to provide a wide range of general management and information technology consulting services all around th e world. One of the main strengths the firm has is in operations consulting, as well as strategic planning, financial management, and productivity. Deloitte Consulting is in the top 3 consulting firms in the world with other firms such as, IBM and Accenture. based on Consultants News’ estimates, which include revenue from both Deloitte Consulting and DTT. On the other hand, some research firms have listed Deloitte Consulting’s revenue the highest amongst its competitors; this would rank Deloitte Consulting (independent of DTT) at number six on the following list. In 2009 Deloitte as the worldwide leader in the consulting marketplace based on aggregate revenue, growth and market share for 2009.

The Elements of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Elements of Poetry - Essay Example Both the poets talks about their childhood experiences in a different mood. Sharon Olds Born was born in San Francisco on November 19, 1942, and she earned a BA at Stanford University and a PhD at Columbia University. Her poetry talks about life and acceptance and one of the reviewer for New York Times writes’ "Her work has a robust sensuality, a delight in the physical that is almost Whitmanesque. She has made the minutiae of a woman's everyday life as valid a subject for poetry as the grand abstract themes that have preoccupied other poets" (Olds). Robert Hayden was born on August 4, 1913 and he was a celebrated American poet and an educator. The poems â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† by Sharon Olds and â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden portrays their childhood life and takes the readers on an emotional journey. Sharon Olds’ poem â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† illustrates the effect of a childhood trauma and how it can effect adulthood. The tone of the poem is sad and it evoke the traumatic childhood of her father. The narrator gives her childhood a voice and she experienced an epiphany in which she tries to understand her father’s abusive behavior and even forgive him for all the heartache.

Proposal memo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal memo - Research Paper Example The means by which Walmart is engaging with environmental issues, both as a means of boosting its overall image, and as a means of affecting a change with regards to the way that it has traditionally engaged in business It is the hope of this author that by engaging in each of these forms of analysis, the research will be able to provide a clear and definitive understanding of some of the changes that are currently being effected with regards to the way in which the entity in question engages in business and seeks to promote itself and its business model to new clients and into the future. The overall timeframe that the project will analyze will be within the past 4 years; also reflected in the up to date nature of the data sources which have been utilized the inform this piece (presented below). With your approval, this project will continue and seek to leverage the resources that have been provided in the appendix as a working bibliography/reference list as a means of drawing a further level of analysis upon the subject matter that has thus far been introduced and briefly discussed. Goetz, S. J., Rupasingha, A., & Loveridge, S. (2012). Social Capital, Religion, Wal-Mart, and Hate Groups in America*. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 93(2), 379-393. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00854.x Matusitz, J., & Lord, L. (2013). Glocalization or Grobalization of Wal-Mart in the US? A Qualitative Analysis. Journal Of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 10(1), 81-100.

U.s. jails today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.s. jails today - Essay Example Figure 1 illustrates how far the US-prisoner rate than those of other developed countries.   PEW estimated that in 2008 2,319,258 of the US population are incarcerated (7). These statistics are very far from those of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. China’s incarcerated rate is estimated to be at 1.5 million of their population only (Hutchins 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the ratio of prisoners per 100,000 individuals of the US population grew from 193 in 1995 to 259 in 2007. Based on the study of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on average, 15,502 sleeping beds were added in jails during the past 12 months in 2007. The additional beds summed up a total rated capacity of 813,502 beds and in the middle of 2007, 96% of these beds were already used and inhabited by inmates (Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/jails.htm). To maintain such overwhelming number of prisoners, correctional facilities, polices, and support groups should also be at par with the number of prisoners. With the rapid growing population of inmates in the US, expenditure in jails, correction, support facilities, and others are also increasing dramatically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the figure above, there has been a humungous increase in the expenditure of the criminal-justice functions. In the police function there had been an increased of 396% from the average expenditure of 1982 to the average expenditure in 2005. With regards to correctional and judicial expenses, the same trend occurred with the police functions. Both correctional and judicial expenses in 2005 had an increase of 619% and 474%, respectively, from its values in 1982.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To accommodate a common inmate, an average of $23,876 per year is needed (PEW, 11). This figure is based on 2005 statistics. Moreover, states expenditure per prisoner varies with Rhode Island with $44, 860 spending on the top of

Job Brochure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job Brochure - Essay Example Additionally, it provides quality of life to patients, which is not provided by other hospitals, as well as provides fair wages. It also has plans to expand the facility in order to provide its services to patients better. It has trained and mentored staff members in order to make its clients or patients have full confidence on the facility. Additionally, it aims at providing ample services and treatment to their employees through treating them well, paying them reasonably as well as giving them time for recreation. There are also spacious rooms for individuals suffering from different conditions to ensure efficient and effective delivery of Bright Home services. There are a number of old people around the Bright House Nursing Home facility which helps boost its client base. However, in order to reduce its expenses, it has plans to purchase a new facility and renovate the Wayfield bed and breakfast. Its center location also helps in promoting its accessibility to all its clients arou nd as well as from other areas. Additionally, being a non-profit organization, as well as an alternative care model, it helps the facility to offer other self-oriented facilities at a good price. Therefore, it provides health care to its patients at affordable prices. Its main focus is to make sure its patients; especially old people get the quality health care to make sure they live a healthy life. The structure, culture and a business model of Bright House Nursing home offers services that are exceptional, cheap, of high quality and offered conveniently. All these services are offered to the customer on a clean, safe and friendly environment. Jones (2007), Chap 8, Pg,126 claims that the culture and structure of an organization coordinates and motivate employees to perform at a high level in team, group as well as in other departments. Additionally, it helps in solving problems that stems up from lack of cooperation, conflicts, and misguided goals. The above explained model, struct ure and culture of Bright Home, will allow the company to operate more effectively and efficiently. The Bright House Nursing Home structure and business model can be summarized as having the following elements; Dedication, Competence, moral and ethical values. I chose competence, because, in any business, what the employee does normally leads the business in to the market. Dedication can also be referred to as ethical and moral values, which drive the owner of the business to go beyond offering customer service in order to lead his employees into achieving his goals in a fast, competitive, and friendly manner. By being honest with the clients, it is the most unique value as well as important that any business can offer to the customers, of course with the best service, (Jones, 2007, Chap 8, Pg,128). Bright House Nursing Home has chosen to draw the attention of its clients who receive quality-oriented service and have the desire to satisfy the constant need of their patients as well as exceed their expectations (Jones, 2007, Chap 8, Pg, 130. However, in order to achieve the results Bright House Nursing Home is committed to offering exceptional services in an environment that is combined with employee retention and motivation. We also provide health care to the elderly, skilled nursing care which only employs qualified personnel, computerized medical

St George's Church, Schenectady, NY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St George's Church, Schenectady, NY - Essay Example To the north is the Mohawk river. As an Anglican Church, St. George’s was established by British missionaries and supported by many other churches in the area. Donations were provided by Trinity Church on Wall St., as well as from the many Dutch and English settlers. Sir William Johnson became one of the first parishioners, with a generous donation. He also used his influence with fellow officers to gain even more support. â€Å"Well known throughout the colonies for his defeat of the French at Lake George, Johnson's heroic capture of Fort Niagara only weeks before the initial subscription helped guarantee a favorable response.† (stgeorgesschenectady.org). Church membership was limited to those who held blue collar jobs with limited means Through the 1700s. In the 1770s, during the Revolutionary war the church was used as a barracks. For the remainder of the century the church struggled with membership and obtaining appropriate leadership. Again, in the early 1800s Trin ity Church donated funds for repair of St. George’s and for the Rector’s salary. In 1810 the church formed a choir. By 1830 a Sunday School with around 70 children was operating. An active Ladies’ Guild was also raising funds for church projects by this time, allowing it to become more self sufficient. In 1941 William Johnson returned, this time as Rector of St. George’s.

Strategic Marketing in Uncertainty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing in Uncertainty - Essay Example The modern approach to marketing activities is changing its emphasis from the traditional marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) to the conception of relationship marketing. The practicability and flexibility of the relationship marketing approach have led to the rapid evolution of this concept in the modern marketing activities. Veloutsou et al. (2002, p433) also assert that, "it is currently acknowledged that RM represents a paradigm shift in marketing". Relationship marketing approach emphasises on mutually beneficial relationships between the organisation and the other members of the environment so as to create long-term ties among these groups. Gronroos (1994, p355) posits that relationship marketing "is to establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by a mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises". Hence, relationship marketing focuses on fostering the mutual relationship of an organisation with its customers, suppliers and other firms in order to meet the objectives of all the parties as they enter into an exchange with the company. In the modern dynamic environment, companies are no longer seen as indifferent from the influence of other parties in the market viz., the customers, suppliers, competitors etc; rather the modern companies need to interact with all these parties in order to maintain long-term relationship chain that is bound to satisfy all of them. This is what was found to be lacking in the traditional approach of the marketing mix. Andersen (2001, p167) illuminates that, "marketing practitioners and scholars are abandoning the marketing mix approach as it does not justify the complex interaction and information exchange processes between organizational buyers and sellers". In the simplest form, relationship marketing has gained popularity as a post-modern approach to marketing over the traditional concept of 4Ps because of its ability to rationalise the existing interaction and relationship of a company with other members of the environment. The fact that makes relationship marketing more helpful for marketers is the approach of creating a bond between the seller and the buyers. Not only the seller but also the buyers take active part in fostering this relationship with each other. Company nurtures this association by satisfying consumers every time, while the buyers enhance this relationship by making repeated purchases. On the other hand, the traditional marketing mix relies on the seller's part to conduct marketing activities. Gronroos (1997, p327) emphasises this point as that, "the marketing mix makes the seller the active part and the buyer and consumer passive. No personalized relationship with the producer and marketer of a product is supposed to exist, other than with professional sales representatives" Another important aspect of relationship marketing paradigm is that it is flexible enough to be beneficial for the company in all conditions prevailing in the

Analyzing 'The Story of an Hour' by Kate Chopin (1894) Using the Essay

Analyzing 'The Story of an Hour' by Kate Chopin (1894) Using the Discovery Checklist - Essay Example There is a feeling of restrained and polite behaviors, even when strong emotions are shown, as in he wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sisters arms. The setting suggests a comfortable, spacious home, an affluent and well decorated upper class American dwelling, at the end of the 19th century. After Richards brought the news, the action during the 'Hour' moved quickly. He had checked it for truth, and then got Josephine, Louise's sister to tell her he was a caring and thoughtful man who was worried about the heart condition and believed it would be better if a close relative, especially another woman, broke the bad news. Josephine seemed very concerned and sort of fussy and nervous, but it was a bad situation. After her tears, Louise locked herself away and thought what it all really meant to her life. Instead of overwhelming sorrow, the ubtle and elusiverealization of freedom came, and in the way it was described, Louise can be seen to be a perceptive and realistic sort of woman. Her sister was worried about what was going on behind the door, that door is quite symbolic, for it links with the opening of the downstairs door later, which is more like shutting a cage. When the two women go downstairs and find Brently Mallard letting himself in with his key, Josephine screamed and Richards hid Louise's reaction.

Life development Essay Example for Free

Life development Essay The aim of this research is to explore a married couples real life experiences and the possible influences that affect their life development. A qualitative thematic analysis was carried out on pre-existing material of three semi-structured interviews and a video. Two main themes were identified : Various Influences and Changeable. This analysis showed support for some research done regarding Eriksons development stages, Pecks contribution on later life, developmental contextualism and Bronfenbrenners theory. The findings suggest that life development is multi-facet. A reflexive analysis reviews some limitation on this analysis and recommendations are also made. INTRODUCTION Lifespan development is the one among different psychological perspectives. Psychologists are of different views on human development. Some of them split human development into different stages, some of them focus on the peoples later development, some are optimistic but some not, and some opined that our development are deterministic but also some do not think so. Erik Erikson has developed a theory named as Psychosocial in which he stated that there would be eight development stages from birth to later adulthood within our life. (Cooper Roth, 2002). The theory emphasised that our development is a product of the interaction between the society and individual; and our parents seems to play a key role in our early life. Erikson argued that everyone must develop throughout these eight stages. While treating later life as a relative stable period, Erikson neglect the room of change during the middle and old stages, to cope with this difficulty, Peck further subdivided these two stages into sub-stages. For middle age, Peck consider that we should acknowledge our loss of physical strength while also appreciate our gaining of wisdom, the main task within these stage is to redefine ones personality and personal relationship. Besides, individual should shift their emotional attachment to both the vertical and horizontal relationship, i. e. the death of parents and friendship (Cooper Roth, 2002). For old age, in order to cater the crisis of retirement, Peck argued that individual need to seek other meaningful activities, thus accepted by themselves that they are continually contribute to and valued by the society. Other approach on lifespan development is named as developmental contextualism. It emphasised that development of an individual cannot be seen as an isolated manner, rather, there are internal (e. g. physical fitness) and external (e. g. cultural and social) factors that influences ones development. These factors are referred as a level of explanation by psychologists, they comprise different variables, for instances, interpersonal influence, cultural influence, historical influence and etc. These variables would interact and change each other at the same or a different level of explanation which is known as dynamic interactionism. (Cooper Roth, 2002) In contrast to developmental contextualism, Bronfenbrenner is of different view. He argued that individuals are capable to determine their own development rather than simply constrained by internal and external influences. In his ecological theory of development, he suggested that individuals are actively interact with his or her environment during their development. According to the theory, it divided individual physical environment into four parts, i. e. micosystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem as well. The microsystem refers to ones immediate environment, includes social, symbolic and physical characteristics, e. g. personality, healths, values and expectations. The mesosystem describes two or more microsystems inhabited by the same person, e. g. family, work and marriage. Links that take place between two or more settings involving the individual is known as the exosystem, i. e. our community. The macrosystem illustrates the patterns of the aforesaid systems that characterize any given culture or society structures. (Cooper Roth, 2002) In view of the above approaches, it seems that human development are encompassed by different stages, with internal and external influences; and individuals are with ability to actively change it during the process of development. The purpose of this qualitative research is to see how a couple, Tony and Jo experienced their life and what influence to their development indeed. METHOD Three semi-structured interviews were conducted of a (an aging) couple, Tony and Jo. There is no information on the exact ages of the stakeholders, including the interviewees and the three interviewers. For teaching purposes, the process of the interviews were videotaped with the interviewees consent. The interviews touch topics of identity, separation and attachment and lifespan development. The first interview was conducted by a female researcher Jane who knew that couple for several years. A male researcher has conducted the second interview who knew none about that couple. The last interviewer was a female who asked them about their experiences on the first two interviews. The research was adopted analysing pre-existing materials. It assumed that the Open University of United Kingdom (OUUK) adhered strictly to the British psychological code of ethics such as obtaining informed written consent, addressing issues around confidentiality, protection of participants identities, permission to withdraw at any time and sufficient debriefing. (Miell, Phoenix Thomas, 2002). I am a Chinese male, a part-time psychology student (36 years of age) of the Open University of Hong Kong, and carried out a qualitative thematic analysis on transcripts and video provided by the OUUK. (see Appendix for the full annotated transcripts and an extracted video of the three interviews is also attached) The lifespan development research topic and question were selected and supplied by the OUUK (DSE 212, Method Booklet 5, pages 60 and 61). Familiarization of material was done by reading Chapter 1 in Book 2 (Cooper Roth, 2002). The next stage of the analysis involved my reading the transcripts several times noting significant points related to my chosen research topic. I then identified recurrent themes from the transcripts. Two main themes were identified and the data was condensed under these themes. This was achieved by photocopying the transcripts and highlighting each bit of the dialogue relating to the themes in different colour pens. Only the first two interviews were used in this research.

Tuckman’s model and team work Essay Example for Free

Tuckman’s model and team work Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People live and work within the framework of some kind of organization, a context that provides written and unwritten, formal and informal rules and guidelines about how its members should conduct themselves. Individuals belong to different families and each family has distinct religious beliefs that differ from another family.   This paper is anchored on the theoretical viewpoint of Bruce Tuckman referring to how groups are formed whether these groups can be seen in formal or informal organizations and set-ups of all kinds. This is especially applied on the teamwork and/or teambuilding. Discussion Description of the model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tuckman introduced his theory of how groups emerge and better known by the concepts that he ascribed to the stages. His theory arose out of years of scientific observations and research in various types of groups (Tuckman, p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The forming stage is described as consisting of orientation, testing, and dependence that are usually present in almost all of the groups studied. The second phase or stage is more seen by the type of characteristic behaviors or attitudes manifested by the people or individuals of a particular group where concepts such as conflict and polarization arise which in the process characterize more the resistance that is being experience by the group’s immediate scope of influence. This second stage is called the storming stage (Tuckman, p.2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third phase is known as norming when eventually most of the conflicts and/or resistance has been resolved giving way to an â€Å"in-group feeling† or â€Å"group cohesiveness. More often at this stage, individual members are more open, expressing themselves more and have shed their guardedness (Tuckman, p.2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fourth phase is called the performing stage which is more known by the characteristic traits manifested by individual members where they become more yielding to the roles and they become more cooperative to the functions whatever they may be. In addition they also are able to let their energies be directed to the tasks that are supposed to be responded to in the first place (Tuckman, p.2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last stage is an addendum or an additional stage to the four stages mentioned, which is adjourning and is described as the implied achievement or attainment of goals (usually) where dependency is at a minimum, where the tasks were already completed and the roles are no longer necessary and functional hence the group most likely must be dissolved (Tuckman, p.2). Application to Teamwork and Teambuilding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understandably, before teamwork is effectively put in place and in operation, the first three stages or phases should have taken place. People adjust to new things and new situations and as Tuckman describes it, it is inherent in the process that progression from non-cohesiveness to more cohesiveness; which also implies that people cooperate less and then if the norming is achieved, will exhibit cooperativeness among themselves. This is also the process of teambuilding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sadly, many organizations have not manifested teamwork or have not acgieved the performing stage where tasks become important to everybody but not only that, all contributions from all members are crucial and necessary. What are the salient factors within the first two to three stages that need to be addressed? ~Team Conflicts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disagreements with how one sees life situations are just a few of the reasons that conflicts happen so ordinarily. Just as conflicts are also integral parts of daily existence so does negotiating through them (Amason, 1996; Amason, Thompson, Hochwarter, Harrison, 1995). Studies reveal that there is â€Å"no one size fits all† when it comes to navigating the disagreements and weather through storms where conflicts are concerned. However, there are principles that are observed when successful conflict management has taken place. Managers, group leaders or any person who handles a team must have the abilities to handle people problem before this proceeds or develops into a team problem or before this affects performance. Conflicts therefore must be confronted and understood at the individual level where a person experiences inner personal struggles at varying degrees. However, this short study tackles in detail a much larger picture as it attempts to provide a succinct look at conflict resolution strategies in the area of team dynamics by examining, describing and explaining various concepts as to the understanding of these significant concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Individual personal conflicts are inevitable occurrences that are usually taken for granted because of its â€Å"ordinariness.† Unless people undertakes a formal study on conflict management, he/she goes through life hitting and missing (at most) at ways of resolving issues and inner conflicts and in all probabilities, somehow manages to escape conflicts. The following important features in team dynamics are specifically indicated and described because these are crucial points in developing effective management of conflicts and developing efficient team dynamics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defining conflict, it is the state of disharmony brought about by differences of impulses, desires, or tendencies (Rayeski Bryant, 1994, p. 217). There are benefits as to the presence of conflicts but definitely when these are worked out. Benefits of working teams in relationship to conflict resolution strategies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working teams in relationship to conflict resolution strategies provide benefits including personal and team growth as team members acquire insights with relationships and how these relationships are utilized to better reach worthwhile goals. In addition, working teams have optional choices rather than solitary attempts at confronting conflicts, such as higher possibility arriving at the solutions of the problems, promoting cohesiveness among the team, and increasing the involvement or participation of members. Types of Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the study presented by Johnson (2005), few researches actually â€Å"describe how to identify conflict.† There are seven types of conflicts depending on â€Å"who is in conflict with whom† (Fisher et al, 1995; in Johnson, 2005). These are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~an individual with inner conflicts totally unrelated to the team but whose best performance for the team is not achieved due to the personal problem, thus influencing the whole team   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~two distinct members are in direct conflict with each other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~one against all members   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~all against one member   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~a lot of members against a lot of others as well   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~one whole team as against another team   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~all of the team as against one person not a part of the team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another type of conflict focuses on two kinds of conflict existing in a team: task (Jennsen et al., 1999) and affect (Amason et al., 1995) types of conflict. The first type is usually beneficial as it relates to objectives and goals that are to be achieved essentially in a group. The second involves relationships which entails personal preferences and the like. Most conflicts boil down to the level of affect type and more difficult to deal with especially when people really do not want to cooperate. This can also occur at the same time. Managing Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since conflict and disagreements are integral to the growth and performance of teams, it is therefore necessary that individual members and as a group, go through an education process to understand the nuances of conflict. They necessitate the learning to distinguish what healthy debates are, brainstorming and normal exchange of ideas which are important to team achieving corporate goals (Johnson, 2005). Studies by Tjosvold and colleagues (1999) show that when disagreements are brought into the open and talked about, conflicts are minimized and feelings of frustration, anger and doubts or suspicions are abated. How to prepare or prevent conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The presence of a team facilitator can help prepare people in conflict in confronting their fundamental disagreements and/or prevent conflicts to escalate at alarming levels. A good or excellent team facilitator can be the team leader, supervisor or an outside who knows very well the dynamics of conducting team resolutions. He/she aids everyone involved into the process and assists them to air out their grievances in a careful, non-violent manner much like in a healthy debate (Bens, 1997). Team agreements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Team agreements start off with ground rules to be able to achieve or attain at something. Coordination in any given work must take into careful account that everyone starts at somewhere and concur at a particular set of guidelines to direct the group to definite goals. Uncoordinated teams will still definitely go somewhere but perhaps not where they or someone in charge of them would want them to be. What are involved then in team agreements? Team agreements develop, protect and help preserve unity and the aspects this specifically takes on are the responsibilities and expectations, communication, participation, decision making and problem solving, managing those disagreements, conduct of participants or â€Å"cooperators† during and between meetings and consequences. The baseline agreements like these are different when management of conflict is the issue. Research reveals that whenever teams utilize this strategy, difficulties and even conflicts are reduced to a minimum (Davison, 2003). Solutions to conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preparation to any eventuality tops the list when it comes to coming up with a solution to conflict. This means that understanding of the whole gamut of team dynamics including potential destructive behavior is important and essential to preventing and providing solutions to conflict. Skills by any member towards conflict resolutions, facilities to allow participants to express or ventilate themselves without threat or fear of censure are also vital. Of course, per advices by experts, those techniques and approaches that increase enhance task-related conflict and reduce affect-related conflict help reduce the presence of conflict and even remove its threat from the group. Effective planning is also a good strategy as it minimizes the conflict from escalating to a point that it becomes hard to manage already. Employing a conflict checklist can be an excellent ingredient as well in resolving and minimizing the incidence of conflict. ~Team Communication Organizations in whatever form or state thrive fundamentally on communication. Inherent in the understanding of progress, development and growth of any institution is the reality that in order to be ahead, its members should be able to know what its goals are and are united towards accomplishing those goals. As expected, team communication is a must for this to occur. It is very important that communication is always flowing and open to everyone involved. Without effective communication, an organization as teamwork, like a human body, will experience atrophy at some point and eventual deterioration of the whole system if the problem is not addressed early on. However, overdoing the system of communication or doing little for crucial areas can also become detrimental for the overall organizational health (Guffey, 2003). It is then important to consider the (1) Nature and timing of communication, (2) the Methods or technology necessary for implementation and effectiveness, and (3) the Various functions or placements of individuals and team members within that communication network (Kimball at http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/matrix,accessed Feb.15, 2007). Many more can be added on the list except that these three are the most important when it comes to building a strategic structure on team communication. It is precisely through this rationale that a team is able to survive or flourish in the context of a bigger organization. When its individual members have highly developed communication skills then the whole team will enjoy the benefits of its resources which include the achievement of its goals. Nature or Timing of Communication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This means firstly, that the team leader knows what he needs to communicate. It is to establish a clear goal or inspiring purpose statement that can jumpstart as well as sustain all team members in the process of achieving the team’s overarching objectives. Bear in mind also that constant change is the only thing that anybody can expect in this technology – oriented society. The team must be constantly updated and able to cope and compete in such a milieu. Because of this a sensitivity to change is a must for a leader and for the rest of the team to be on the cutting edge and never waning in the process of time. Again, what is crucial here is the identification of who will be involved, what are at stake, what limitations should be imposed so as to provide focus and measurable steps for the team (Kimball at http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/matrix,accessed Feb.15, 2007). Methods and/or Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To develop a communication strategy, the determination of different kinds of work need to be dealt with at the outset and constantly reinforced so as to align and create an effective network of team players. This portion precisely gears toward the understanding of the nitty gritty of the whole system.   Details of the job become easier to comprehend and implement when every member is placed strategically based on their known skills, abilities and interests. There is of course, a need for apparatuses or tools other than the human resource that are provided to enhance and speed up the process. Also important is the classification of what is routine, what are the usual problems encountered on a regular basis, and also whether there are new patterns that come into view and perhaps need to be addressed in the soonest possible time (Kimball at http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/matrix,accessed Feb.15, 2007). Various functions or placements of individuals or team members within that communication network.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a sports game like basketball, the positioning of players is critical to the winnability of the team. It is not to be taken for granted.   The accurate placement of the players’ capability and ability ascertains, to a large extent, the possibility of the team’s becoming the champion in the duration of the game. The coach does not leave to chance their aim to win the game; rather, he sees to it that his team is positioned to such a degree that winning is not only a probability but a surety. On the other hand, imagine that the players are all misplaced. A supposed â€Å"guard† has been placed to the center role, and the center player plays as a â€Å"forward†, the latter then plays as a â€Å"guard.† Obviously, this kind of team is a total mess. Being in that position guarantees the team a loss and not a victory. The human resource is unpredictable and complex. Effective communication strategies between and among team players on their specific functioning on how they perform and relate should be made and reinforced constantly. According to Lisa Kimball, â€Å"The nature of communications among the team about different parts of the work – including the frequency, the volume, and the degree of interactivity is different depending on where that work falls in the matrix† (Kimball at http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/matrix,accessed Feb.15, 2007). As stated above, to avoid information overload, there should always be only a right measure of communication because to overdo it will diminish the interest of team members either to listen or to communicate. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vital to the life and continuity of a team or organization is the proper dissemination of information. This includes enough knowledge of those things and people that are involved in the whole set-up. When team communication is prioritized, teamwork is enhanced and the achievement of goals is within reach. There are many more qualities that can enhance team communication; nevertheless, this paper limits its approach to only three strategies. However, the smallness of amount of strategies in this thesis does not mean lack of comprehensiveness in dealing with the need for effective communication. The points herein discussed are generic and therefore applicable to any given situation and can be expanded to cover other details necessary to secure good communication in a team. Reference: Amason, A. C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 123-148. Amason, A. C., Thompson, K. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Harrison, A. W. (1995). Conflict: An important dimension in successful management teams. Organizational Dynamics, 24(2), 20-35. Bens, I. (1997). Facilitating conflict. In M. Goldman (Ed.), Facilitating with ease! (pp. 83-108). Sarasota, FL: Participative Dynamics. Davison, Sue Canney. 2003. Creating Working Normas and Agreements. Accessed April 26, 2008 www.genderdiversity.cgiar.org/CreatingWorkingAgreementsDavison3.doc Kimball, Lisa. Developing the Team’s Communication Strategy accessed Feb.15, 2007 at http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/matrix. Guffey, Mary Ellen. 2003. Business Communication. Thomson learning, Mason Ohio, Ch.1, p.3. Fisher, K., Rayner, S., Belgard, W. (1995). Tips for teams: A ready reference for solving common team problems. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Jennsen, O., Van De Vliert, E., Veenstra, C. (1999). How task and person conflict shape the role of positive interdependence in management teams. Journal of Management, 25(2), 117-141. Johnson, Debbi-Wagner. 2005. Managing Work-Team Conflict: Assessment and Preventatve Strategies. Center for Collaborative Organizations, University of North Texas.   All rights reserved. Rayeski, E., Bryant, J. D. (1994). Team resolution process: A guideline for teams to manage conflict, performance, and discipline. In M. Beyerlein M. Bullock Tjosvold, D., Morshima, M., Belsheim, J. A. (1999). Complaint handling on the shop floor: Cooperative relationships and open-minded strategies. International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(1), 45-68. Tuckman, Bruce. â€Å"Forming, storming norming and performing in groups.†file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ew_tuckman-forming,storming,normingandperformingingroups.htm

Run Time Adaptation of Service Feedback Control

Run Time Adaptation of Service Feedback Control Runtime Adaptation of Service With Feedback Control Self Optimization T.Priyaradhikadevi, R.Anandhi Abstract In a composite service which needs to be in uncertain and changing optimized environment which have service selection along with runtime adaptation. For maximum satisfaction for stakeholders quality and requirement needs for adapting composite services which responds to various environments. Service selection and business process for quality preference that made statistics during their design time. The proposed requirements driven self optimizing approach of such composite services measures its quality of service. The estimation of business tunes he preference for ranking the feedbacks detecting unexpected triggering of business values self optimization process. Process level configuration for modelling the configuration according to its mapping service level decision selections optimized and tuned for its quality of service. In our proposed model the process level preference based configuration of requirements ranks according to its goal configurations. The experimental study is use d to evaluate the proposed approach results indicating the new approach outperforms both fixed weighted and floating weighted service selecting approaches with respect to earning business value and adapting the flexibility. Keywords: Quality of service, self optimization, earning business value, service selection. 1. Introduction Architecture for service has emerging value of development and integration of business applications. In a service oriented system for development focusing the shifted customary application for designing the business process which selects and compose services for new business applications. Web services organizing integration for business process language used widely for specifying the business process for composite service rather than integration between composite services along with external web services. Functional requirement for business logic concerns with composite services should fulfil all the non functional concern for requiring quality of services. Composition of services that have uncertain and changing optimal configuration of business process which selects services that reflects decisions taken during design time. The reflected designs for self optimized service have some adapting runtime composite services in better way for meeting their overall quality of service requirement. Addressing the problems regarding composite services during their runtime adaptation for various service selection of different composition of approaches which is recently proposed with configuration of statistics business process. The set of abstract services have global approach towards its hybrid heuristics that have dynamic optimization of selected binding using their concrete services with each abstract service. Maximizing the usage of user objective is to satisfy the quality of service constraints which has user satisfaction which can have utility function for multiple weight assignment for criteria based on quality of service. Static decision approach based on various different preferences given for quality and business process made for design time which has weights for quality of service structures the business process used for selecting the service and compositions determines the design time which is static during runtime. During runtime these unchanged decisions used to make composite service which runs according to suboptimal manner. The betterment for optimization for entire stakeholder satisfying requirements with quality trade needed for adapting response to changing environment for system. High preference order process service for preventing risks requires the large amount for time and resource allocation for processing credit verifying the additional process. The response time for users is so long and they have to wait very patiently for their task to be accomplished. The process variability for activities having optional and alternate sub processes which often have various alternative business goal for quality of service requirements. Flexible accommodation of preference with different usage for quality of service requirements has taken risk for prevention of order processing. The order reconfiguration process skips temporary credit verification for improving the response time. The motivational service analyse the needed for required self optimizing composite services for dynamic quality services. The business value creation for adoption of stakeholders designing time that has runtime value based software engineering principles and practicing them. The emphasis is on incorporation of business values achieves the feedback controlling system. The self optimizing service technique for composite services that accounts for achieving business values which can be measured by transactions committed successfully. 2. Selection and composition for service The requirement driven value based idea for motivation for self optimizing approach for proposing the characteristics for composition of service have dynamic tradeoffs quality and support. The combination of runtime process for configuring the service that can have selection for various process requirements can provide them with resources. The values for business earned the reflection for runtime environment that satisfies the requirements of stake holders. Quality attributes measures and estimates earned business values having predefined value for our approach having dynamic quality tuning the rank preferences for different quality attributes that have control over feedbacks. The violation of business value ensures the detection of optimized preference rank process attributes systematically. The requirement configuration model based on preferences according to the quality of service requirement changes over the uncertain environment. The composite services always cannot run with optimal static configuration for business process along with selection of services. The existing stakeholders who are unsatisfied with the requirement driven approach has to be failed for selection of service and their composition which can have challenging problems. This can have many disadvantages for making business processes adaptable for runtime environment. The exponential for complexity in timing concerns. They do not have any satisfaction need with stakeholders responsibility. The static quality tradeoffs support the stakeholder for exponential time complexity. Overcoming the short comes of approaches propose the modelling of multi dimension problem have multiple choice having multiple constraints for optimal problems regarding path which leads to efficiency for heuristics. Hybrid approaches that finds nearest optimal solutions for end to end quality of service constraints that have local and global approaches. Figure.1 requirement driven and goal configuration based on value indicator. 3. Dynamic self optimization constraints All the hybrid approach for starting decompose which have end to end quality of service constraints that have local quality of service which can perform local selections. The approach that allows the quality of service weights for dynamic tuning that reflects dynamic quality tradeoffs uses the feedback controlling mechanism for achieving the runtime process adaptation for dynamic weaving for process. For motivating the dynamic quality for tradeoffs that can conduct maximized qualifiers for overall satisfaction for stakeholder requirements. Achieving the self optimization for composite services in which our proposed approach continuously seeks opportunities for improvising the earned business values. They can have maximized user satisfaction which can as well meet its quality of service requirements. The user satisfaction which can usually express the utility function for weighing various qualities of service criteria will be well fixed weight assignment of each quality of service criteria. The dynamically planned adaption service based on runtime requirement models for dynamic self optimization. For achieving the self optimization for overall composite services that maximizes the value propositions for multiple kinds of stakeholders. For optimizing the customer details should be entered in customer registry and once if the details are entered and submitted then they will be stored in database of stakeholders. They can be accessed using username and passwords which can also be used for updating and editing for details entered and stored. The customers should select their required product in self driven optimizing approach they can use the category or product name. If the product is available then they should choose the option for payment. Whether they should pay using credit or debit card. They also help in suggesting the alternate products which are not available in stock. After this process the bank transaction details of the customer should be rendered and they provide the feedbacks about their services. The approach for formulating the value for validating main threats which can capture the changes along with change of business strategies emphasize the guidance for online analytical processing. The large amount of business data can have composite service over the online analytical processing which can provide predictive analysis for validation and mapping of business processes. Dynamic runtime processing for business configuring the rare address faces different challenges according to their stake holder requirements. Self adaptive requirements based on system increasingly run under poor environment. The goal oriented requirements for widely used methods used in olden days. They are modelled and the intentions used for capturing and satisfying the requirements between the agents for exploring the alternate ways. Variable system used for processing runtime goals can be configured processes with regular credit verification such as checking the purchase and ordered things list the total number of products ordered and quality verification along with credit details verification. The evaluation and effectiveness for composite service approach having applications over real time applications required for evaluation of feasible that can guarantee the self improvement. The earned business values can be better or worse for depending on factors specifying the applications for number of process variations. There are different single and double approaches for hard perspectives for competitive selections during runtime. They are not superior or inferior static single approach which can totally have optimization for business values which is really harder. The composite service can optimally design strategies for new service optimization failure with new process configuration. 4. Conclusion In our proposed approach of requirement driven self optimizing approach we can combine the composite service for having process reconfiguration of high level and low level selection of service based on flexible adaptations. Then it supports dynamic quality tradeoffs for reflection of changing environments employs feedback controller that tunes the preference ranks for relevancy of attributes regarding quality. The earned business value having objective that can be triggered using self optimization techniques can be self optimized. The value formula for stakeholder requirements defines current business strategies for order processing service focuses directly on profits obtained from successful experience and feedback systems. The services for processing orders that have fixed weights and having flexibility demonstrate the performance adaptation for acceptable overhead for process reconfiguration which can select service accordingly. The integration rendered has to be variable with adv ancement of flexible mechanisms that can be achieved more flexible process variability having definitions and adaptations which validates their feasibility. References [1] V. Cardellini, E. Casalicchio, V. Grassi, F. Lo Presti, and R. Mirandola, â€Å"QoS-driven runtime adaptation of service oriented architectures,† in Proc. 7th Joint Meeting of the European Software Eng. Conf. and the ACM SIGSOFT Symp. Foundations of Software Eng., 2009, pp. 131–140. [2] OASIS. (2007, April) Web services business process execution language, v-2.0. [Online]. Available: http://docs.oasis-open.org/wsbpel/2.0/wsbpel-v2.0.pdf [3] E. Di Nitto, C. Ghezzi, A. Metzger, M. Papazoglou, and K. Pohl, â€Å"A journey to highly dynamic, self-adaptive servicebased applications,† Autom. Softw. Eng., vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 313–341, 2008. [4] L. Zeng, B. Benatallah, A. H.H. Ngu, M. Dumas, J. Kalagnanam, and H. Chang, â€Å"Qos-aware middleware for web services composition,† IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 311–327, 2004. [5] Y. Liu, A.H. Ngu, and L. Zeng, â€Å"QoS computation and policing in dynamic Web service selection,† in Proc. 13th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web Alternate Track Papers and Posters, 2004, pp. 66–73. [6] D.A. Menasc ´e and V.K. Dubey, â€Å"Utility-based QoS brokering in service oriented architectures,† in Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Web Service, 2007, pp. 422–430. [7] L. Zeng, B. Benatallah, M. Dumas, J. Kalagnanam, and Q.Z. Sheng, â€Å"Quality driven Web services composition,† in Proc. 12th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web, 2003, pp. 411–421. [8] D. Ardagna and B. Pernici, â€Å"Adaptive service composition in flexible processes,† IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 369–384, 2007. [9] T. Yu, Y. Zhang, and K.J. Lin, â€Å"Efficient algorithms for web services selection with end-to-end qos constraints,† ACM Trans. Web, vol. 1, no. 1, 2007. [10] M. Alrifai and T. Risse, â€Å"Combining global optimization with local selection for efficient QoS-aware service composition,† in Proc. 18th Int’l Conf. World Wide Web, 2009, pp. 881–890. [11] S.X. Sun and J. Zhao, â€Å"A decomposition-based approach for service composition with global QoS guarantees,† Inf. Sci., vol. 199, pp. 138–153, 2012. R. Anandhi has finished her B.Tech (IT) and at present she is pursuing M.E. (CSE) in Mailam Engineering College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Her research interests lies in the areas of Mobile Computing, Data Mining, Cloud Computing and Software Engineering. T.Priyaradhikadevi has completed her M.Tech (IT) and now pursuing her Phd. Currently she is Head Of the department in Computer Science and Engineering at Mailam Engineering college,Villupuram , Tamil Nadu, India. She has attended many national and international conferences in several colleges. She organized many technical symposiums, workshops and seminars.

Effect of temperature on raction rate :: essays research papers

Effect of temperature on RXN rate Factors affecting rate of reaction: Surface area – as we increase surface area, we increase the reaction rate. The more the collisions the faster the reaction. Concentration – as we increase concentration we increase the reaction rate. In reaction with between gases, increasing the pressure, increase the reaction rate. Temperature –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  as we increase the temperature, we increase the reaction rate. Raising the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time, and makes it more likely that collision results in a reaction. Catalyst -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  catalyst is a substance, which speed up a chemical reaction. At the end of the reaction the catalyst is chemically unchanged. Aim: Effect of temperature on rate of reaction. Hypothesis: I predict that the rate of reaction will increase in speed by increasing the temperature, because Raising the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time, and makes it more likely that collision results in a reaction. Apparatus required: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 conical flasks 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An amount of HCl 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An amount of Na2S2O3 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Timer (stop-watch) 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tile with a mark (X) on it 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 measuring cylinders 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 empty beaker Procedure: 2-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use 20cm3 of water with 30cm3 of HCl 3-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add the solution to 30cm3 of Na2S2O3 4-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put a conical flask on a tile with a mark (X) on it. 5-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put the first solution in the flask. 6-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put the flask in a water bath at a controlled temperature of 30 ºC. 7-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quickly add the second solution and start timing 8-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stop timing when you can no longer see the mark (X) on the tile. 9-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat steps 1 to 4 but using a different temperature each time. 10-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final time use the same amount but at 70 ºC. Fair test: Changing Variable:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature ( ºC) Constant Variables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount, and concentration of HCl, and Na2S2O3 Results:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Temperature/ ºC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time/sec 20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28 25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27 30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: From my results I have concluded that temperature has a great affect on the reaction rate of HCl and Na2S2O3, because as we see from he graph the slope is increasing gradually, this is because increasing the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time and makes it more likely that a collision will result in a reaction. Because there are more effective collisions, temperature has a great affect on reaction rate, if you raise the temperature by 10 ºC the time will decrease by nearly 6 seconds indicating the increase in speed of the reaction.

Blood Work :: essays research papers

The fictional novel I decided to read was called Blood Work written by Michael Connelly. The book is pretty much about a FBI agent, retired because of his recent heart transplant surgery, he is living a retired life on his boat by himself when a girl named Graciela Rivers shows up. She tells the main character, Terry Mcaleb that his new heart is from her recently murdered sister, Gloria Torres and asks Terry to come out of retirement to find out who murdered her sister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really liked this book because it had a very interesting story line with many twists and turns along the way. The story follows Terry in his search for Gloria’s murderer. Along the way he gets many leads such as 2 previous unsolved cases of people murdered in cold blood for no apparent reason. Throughout the book almost all of the leads that were talked about turned out to be useless I found this to be a waste of space. But after the bulk of the book is done Terry makes the connection between the other murders that all of the victims had a rare blood type, the same rare blood type which made it so difficult for him to find a heart for his surgery. After this point the books story starts to pick up again and it all comes together when he finds out that all 3 of the murders were committed by one of the serial killers he never caught as an FBI agent known as the code killer. The code killer killed all of these people specifically so that their organs would b e put up for donation and Terry would get a new heart, the killer wanted him to live because of him. The book comes to a really good ending where all of the loose ends are tied up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What I did not like about this book was all of the wasted space and time. The book itself had a really good story but could have been told much better. I found that after the problem was stated at the start of the book it all just turned into Terry going after the same useless leads over and over again. The author could have left all of that out of the book and it would have been much more exciting instead of getting the feeling of dragging on until near the end when it picks up again.

Causes Of World War One :: World War I, WWI

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many things led up to the start of World War I. There was much tension between the countries of Europe for more than fifty years. There were immediate causes, and long-term causes. Some immediate causes were the assassination of the heir of Austria-Hungry, Germany declaring war on Russia, Germany declaring war on France, and Great Britain declaring war on Germany. Some long-term causes or basic causes were imperialism, nationalism, and the arms race. The assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand, who was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was probably the last step on the long road to war. A Serbian patriot murdered Ferdinand in Sarajevo, on June 28 1914. The murder angered Austria-Hungary, leading them to declare war on Serbia. At the same time, Russia gets ready to attack Austria-Hungary as it mobilizes it army at the border. In Europe, there were two powers. The Allied Power were England, France, Russia, and later the U.S. The Central Power was the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. When Kaiser William II of Germany became cocky and let the treaty between Germany and Russia became invalid, and then Williams declared war unto Russia. France then gets ready to fight Germany as they declare war on them by marching through neutral Belgium. As Germany declares war unto France and Russia, Great Britain declares war on Germany as they go through Belgium. Basic causes included imperialism. Imperialism is a country wanting to take over the world and be the most powerful. The need for raw materials and new markets Europe starts to take over land in Africa, China, India, and Middle East. The fight for obtaining the most land results in European countries fighting over who gets what land. Another factor was nationalism. Nationalism is the love for ones country and feeling your part of the country. It results in each country claiming that they are the best. The Arms Race is another contributing factor to the war. Due to conflicts over land, countries start to prepare for and build up their armies. In conclusion, World War I occurs because of many unresolved factors.

Lawyer essay Essay

Teenagers at this age of their lives are not certain about what career path they want to take, because of economic problems and personal influences which they face. Regardless of the fact, I knew from the time I was 9 years old that I wanted to be a lawyer. I have chosen this career because I want to help many people with certain problems and protect their rights. Lawyers give people and companies advice and tell them what they can and can’t do under the law. The trick of being a lawyer is finding a job in a type of law that you enjoy, because there are so many different types of lawyers; from tax attorneys to criminal defense lawyers. In support of my research I have met with Andrew Forsythe and Christopher Gunter, they are both criminal defense attorney and they also have been practicing law for 14 years. In hopes of getting a better understanding of my career search. I realize that before pursuing this career, it is also important to learn that you must need three or more years of intensive study beyond a bachelor’s degree program. You are also likely to face steep competition from others attempting to enter the legal profession. However, the potential benefits of being a lawyer can make pursing a legal career worth the effort. Part 1- Reasons for choosing this career A career as a lawyer is an extraordinary calling. However becoming a lawyer is an enormous undertaking in terms of time commitment and financial investment. The beauty of a law degree is that it opens door for many paths. You could choose to practice so many types of laws, or take your qualifications and never ever seen the inside of a court room. Many lawyers end up becoming professionals in other fields, such as working in policy in the department of state, entering the military, working in corporations, eve the FBI. I always wanted to be the guy with the suit and fancy shoes, standing in front of the judge and defending my client. It seem as a pretty easy job with well earned pay, which requires a lot of knowledge. Becoming a lawyer is often one of the most difficult professions to enter due to the high competition and time require obtaining degrees. You need at least 4- year bachelor’s degree, 3 years of law school and passing a written bar examination. However, some requirements vary by state. In schools such as mine, there aren’t any programs that let you work on criminal cases until you hit college, and college is not free. If your school may not offer this, then that ruins your change to get a scholarship to help you pay for the debt. Part 2- What I learned After I did some research on this career, I learned that you must earn a Bachelor’s degree, and take the LSAT. The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is a required standardized exam that applicants must take before entering a law school accredited by the American Bar Association. The exam is offered four times each year and measures an applicant’s reading and verbal reasoning skills. Last but not least, you must pass the Bar exam. Each state requires law school graduates to pass the bar exam in order to practice. Lawyers were able to accomplish their dream jobs based on passion and talent. â€Å"In a day and age when opportunity abounds, I’m surprised to find many people who give up on their dreams. Some want to learn how to become a lawyer but give in all too easily.† (Peter J. Loughlin) Becoming a Lawyer is very difficult. There are many fields that you could study for but to me, you should study the legal basis of law. It helps to interact with many people around you. (Lucille Ball) â€Å"If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers† (Charles Dickens) The most important thing I learned about this career is that their salaries range from $110,000- $113,000. (Occupational outlook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) This fact definitely made me happy. One of the best schools that offer job placement assistance after you have graduated, it’s ITT Tech. It’s a four year college and offers financial aid for those who need it. Part 3- Summary of my Interviews I interviewed Christopher Gunter. He is a criminal defense attorney and has practiced criminal law in Travis County since 1980, after earning his JD from ITT Tech. Mr. Gunter discusses his experiences prosecuting his first death penalty case when he was an Assistant District Attorney. Throughout my interview I’ve realized that he is very passionate about working as a lawyer. His salary starts at $75,000 and gets higher depending on the cases he takes. He suggested that â€Å"you must take this job seriously.† He also told me that â€Å"ITT Tech does not look at your experience, instead they look at all your grades, attendance to determine if you are a hard worker or not.† He earns a lot of money in every case he takes. He also enjoys defending his clients when they really need it. I felt very comfortable when he told me those things, I see lawyers as heroes, because they take their job seriously. Mr. Gunter taught that lawyers got their own way of doing things, some lawyers work different than others; however they all have something in common. They fight until the end and they share the same purpose; win their cases. Part 4- Reflection At the beginning of this I search project, I was shocked when I saw the mandatory 3-7 pages we had to do. It was really difficult to decide, at one point I decided to take the zero and do well on other tests. Now I am very thankful for having to do this project, because it taught me a lot in the area of my career. It also taught me to never give up on my dreams no matter how hard they are. I thought that I just go to college, get the degree and then get a job. I was completely wrong, that’s when I realized it was not that easy. I have learned a lot of stuff that I will need in the future I order to accomplish my goals, this project helped in many ways. I never knew that colleges looked at your attendance and judged you based on that. I am very happy at finding more about my choice of career; I know that being a lawyer is very difficult but not impossible, and I will never give up until I see myself standing in front of the judge, wearing a suit and fancy shoes.

Consulting Report of Solberri Hotel

Solberri Hotel January 20 2012 This encompass is in response to the request by Solberri hotel group for a check of its cladding throws and identification of attainable solutions. Consulting report ? estate OF AFFAIRS Solberri is a group of relapse hotels registered as a listed conjunction with 12 hangout hotels in Europe. Established in the 1980s, it had run supremacyfully until cc3 and withal incurred losses in 2005 and 2006. To list kick downstairs the military correct, Solberri fol blue uped dodging changes to the hotel operating surround much(prenominal) as the pricing changes and a overhaul program.With these ad cleanments, situation cops divulge with a puffy estimate hard capital in hand in lavishness in this monetary course of instruction. Currently the ambit of hotels is set about with slender write ups revolving around its function including human re reference wagers that be better explained with the friend of SWOT abridgment in appendage 1. It is on the whole- authorized(prenominal) for Solberri to draw off use of the focal omen overlyls to understand the flow rate situation and to beat up to the revenue enhancement target, incrementd sh atomic go 18 holder value and better node satisf fleckion. ? ISSUES IN HAND Solberri is faced with multiple issues that act as a barrier to bear upon their goals and target.From our review and sagaciousness of the environment we regulate forth the downstairs issues and rank them as priority and or so new(prenominal) issues. Priority issues scummy customer feature that could be a resultant role of honorable issues such as o vile inter slur of universal manages and aged employees. oMis diffusion of tips oInvestment in un moneymaking environment e truly last(predicate)y friendly initiatives. The authorisation deal to resume m wizardryy to fire watering places before the 2007/08 pourboire season The invite to get military control rat es and requital conveyd from extra charges to worst the designingned revenue for the financial form ending family line 2008 The scummy sh atomic number 18 worth and photo of SolberriOther issues generalization of solar circuit cards no-p machinationicipation in the international star ratings system electric potential problems with the role of outsourced servings Upgrading website to include a virtual disco biscuit of facilities . ? ISSUE analytic thinking In this section, the abbreviation is done for decease priority issues. client assistant and applicable HR issues. The lumber of customer table function is crucial to companies natural pickax in answer diligence. Unfortunately, the attend provided by Solberri failed to mate the expect measuring of its customers.The big reason for low customer servicing is employees lack of skills and demand. The bulk of Solberri employees be evanescent, with limit knowledge of the hotel indus endeavor and relev ant skills. Besides, both nearsighted-term employees to a greater extent than everywhere receive 2 solar solar days asylum discipline which is obviously in competent. The customer function asshole be ameliorated in dickens aspects. In the short term, come off Silva, customer supporter Director, involve to review plying train at present to get together the approaching demand. Strict selection and a circumstantial regular training program atomic number 18 needed to attend the calibre of its employees.In the desire term, adjusting the proportionality of the number of gigantic-term employees to that of short ones is necessary. likewise many unpredictable employees lead to poor customer helping and low source of talents, resulting in cosmopolitan managers nameing considerable hours and under lavishly tune (more lucubrate in respectable issues). Though more semipermanent employees misbegotten more birth ups, the bene contains from emend custome r helping ordain outdo the lives. Furthermore, because recognition of employees efforts peck stimulate them to tornado better service, slightly motivation measures be recommended.According to ERG theory, battalion in polar directs suffer contrasting needs. Most temporary employees are in the existence take, they need money to assert their existence requirements, and so incentives such as subvention leave be useful. However, roughly long employees are in relatedness and ontogeny take, so incentives such as profession award or decision fashioning involvement totallyow be suitable. With the overbold recruitment, training and incentives, its estimated that an superfluous employee terms of 7. 5 jillion bequeath be incurred, a 12% annex from stick up form. Ethical issues dickens estimable issues lead be discussed in this report. a. ridiculous treatment of employees. General Managers and expose senior employees are working under gritty stress over 16 hours every day. Solberri gets into ethical issue of overwork employees and paying no compensation. Due to a shortage of senior employees, their workload is unlikely to be lessen nowadays. Therefore, the hotel should make up for their overwork. To make for this problem essentially Soberri should reserve sufficient elites by amplification its long-term employees. b. Misdistribution of tips.When Solberri smooth all the tips and as distributed them to employees, an ethical issue arose for the tran watering placerency and rightfulness of such distribution. such(prenominal) disputable tips distribution should be changed substantiate to the handed-down counselingemployees croupe stay fresh the tips for themselves. For those non- face up-customer employees who dont get tips, Solberri is recommended to increase their bonus to make up the difference. foretell hard currency bare empowerment issue Before analyzing the qu artettesome designs, its important to know how m uch(prenominal) immediate payment is acquirable for apparelment.Since Solberri is under lend arrangements and other financial backing alternatives such as rights issue rear endt raise funds in a short time, the unless source of funds is the cozy uppercase. Its estimated that 59 cardinal interchange go away be bring backd from appendages in this financial form. after deducting finance monetary value, impose revenue, dividends and redundant HR rejuvenate hails in the starting line issue, on that points yet 30. 9 zillion hard currency available. (Appendix 2. 1) The center amount for the iv proposal of marriages is 123 meg (Appendix 2. 2).Solberri has to commit a be benefit abstract to choose the roughly profitable proposal as it is clear that Solberri doesnt progress to enough funds to implement all of them. proposal A is to suck out the number of rooms at the four autopsy hotels by adding separately some other 200 rooms and supporting facilities . Its estimated to obtain 10 cardinal NPV for each hotel over a 5- stratum period base on an 80% military control aim. However, this whitethorn pick up some negative effectuate since the excess rooms and facilities make the hotel more move and less comfortable. Therefore, the 80% business direct is not guaranteed.Besides, its just the first family that Solberri has had such laid-back job takes. Extending the number of rooms in such a large home base is overly godforsaken. purpose B is to rank in return and pull up health club facilities at the be hotels. The look monetary value is 6 trillion for each hotel. The graduate(prenominal) aim of bookings at the 4 phase modulation hotels during the 2008 extreme point season has demonstrated the success of the regaining plan. So this proposal contains relatively petty(a) risk. Furthermore, resort hotel facilities establish pay back a key selling point in compensate hotels.This new flair provides enormous opportunity for Solberri to escape from the reddish Ocean, the very competitive market placeplace of traditional vivify hotels. By differentiating itself by providing max spa facilities, Solberri basin successfully centering the Blue-ocean market, to wit the profitable and rapidly-developing market of recourse hotels with max spa facilities. Finally, regenerateing the hotels evoke amend Solberris profit margin. However, refurbishing all the remaining hotels concurrently is beyond Solberris financial ability. Its recommended that Solberri refurbish alone triplet hotels cardinal tiptop and one passing electropositive.Refurbishing the Super nonnegative hotels is riskier since in that respect is no previous experience and the restoration will need to close permanently 15 rooms in each hotel. tho if Solberri only refurbish superior(p) hotels, in a short time, there will be a infract in middle- belld hotels, which is unfavorable to the companys strategical deve lopment. Proposal C is to watch an additive resort hotel be 24 one thousand cardinal. The expect NPV is 39. 2 trillion (Appendix 2. 3). Besides, the breakeven business direct is 60% (Appendix 2. 4), which is quite unclouded to achieve. So Proposal C seems profitable with sane risk.However, the initiate greet is overly large as its for only one hotel. Compared with Proposal B, its too risky for Solberri in its first grade with such best capital punishment. Proposal D is to invest in environmentally friendly initiatives including the inductance of solar panels being 6 jillion and other environmental initiatives be 9 zillion. Though invest in these initiatives corporationnot generate profits for the company directly, it hindquarters wait on establish Solberri as a socially responsible company which will be positive to its image. But funds are so restrict that spend in all these in unrealistic.Its recommended that Solberri invest in the solar panel insure fir st since it can produce address savings of 0. 6 gazillion per grade and defer the others. Loan covenant confinement The 20 one thousand thousand lendword negotiated at the end of 2007 has contribute covenants restrict the companys further lend financial backing within 2 eld from celestial latitude 2007, resulting in a apparent capital shortage for its future development. Solberri can try negotiating with the bank for remotion of bulwark by showing them the latest forecast figures and the laid-back level of bookings. However, the uncorrupted slaying of only one year wouldnt be convincing enough to the bank.Solberri can overly try refinancing by upshot additional stocks through world pass or undercover side. However, callable to the relatively high standard and termsly adaption of public offering, private stance is preferable. With low doorstep for issuing, private placement is feasible for Solberri whose pipeline just began to pick up afterward slow seas ons. With the good performance this year, its probable that the Solberri will tear strategic investment from institutional investors via private placements to hear its future development. The poor portion set and vulnerability of SolberriRECOMMENDATION node service and related HR issues. It is recommended that Solberri immediately work out a plan for recruitment and training, to ensure job fit and impelling training among all employees. Employees who cant provide the high standard of service will be refused or designate to non- liner-customer positions. Moreover, Solberri should set up enchant motivation mechanisms such as bonus and vacation rewards. It is overly recommended that Solberri enlarge its long-term employee balance wheel by training some short-term employees to be skillful long-term ones.In this way, more employees will check a sense of responsibility and can continue the previous temporary employees work in non-peak season. Ethical issues Its recommended t hat Solberri compensate for employees overwork. In the long run, the company needs to enlarge its senior employee reserve. Its recommended that Solberri discharge its controversial tips distribution and set up a bonus system for non-facing customer employees to make up their income difference. Forecast notes pleonastic investment issueIts recommended that Solberri croak its forecast property overindulgence on Proposal B to refurbish and extend the spa facilities at two Superior hotels and one Super Plus hotel, which represent 18 zillion in total. Since its just the first year Solberri has performed so well in these years, its better for it to be conservative towards investment. Its withal recommended that Solberri invest in the inductive reasoning of solar panels at all 12 hotels addressing 6 zillion and shelve other environmentally friendly initiatives due to its limited funds. These two plans will result in 6. 9 jillion bills kept up(p) Appendix 2. 5), which will help improve the liquidity of Solberri. . Loan covenant barricade It is recommended that Solberri try to negotiate with the bank for removal of the parapet. If its not workable, Solberri could try flavor equity offering to refinance all by public offering or private placement, while private placement seems to be most feasible for Solberri and frankincense is highly recommended. If external financing doesnt work, it is highly recommended that Solberri try all bureau to control its salutes. The poor share price and vulnerability of Solberri ? CONCLUSIONSolberri is now at a crucial time since its the first time it has had such good performance in these years. It is now facing several important issues. The most important ones are how to solve the poor customer service problem and which investment proposal to choose for its future development to increase the tenancy level for all the hotel rooms. It is believed that the summary and recommendations supra can serve as useful ref erences for its decision-making. Solberri has to differentiate itself in the market through a shift by showcasing its spa facilities as its forefront in capturing holiday makers.With a change in visa regulations in Europe Solberri whitethorn opt to pay more financial aid to its local clients by offering the day use of the hotels function and facilities during non-peak seasons. To position itself as a holiday resort hotel, there should be a regaining of Solberris hotels to Premier standards ? SWOT analytic thinking STRENGTHS Good reputation with a long history Proven track write down of range of spa facilities Successful regaining program Many of long-term employees have worked for Solberri for over 10 years with large experience. Stable co- work with several travel agents. experient board directors. laid-back sense of somatic Social Responsibility( 1 hotel won a bronze award in the kelvin Tourism business awards, 2007 soaring level of bookings for Peak season 2008 with la rge coin scanty forecast WEAKNESS outdated information technology systems. Restrictive bestow covenant. Difficulty in enforcing agreed quality service levels. Declining share price compared to 2002 Poor customer service with disappointing customer feedback. Low level of repeat booking. drop of motivation of short-term employees. Poorly organize financial planning. Resignation of Finance Director. OPPORTUNITIES High level of bookings and a forecast money surplus of 59 billion which can be used for further expansion, restoration program, paying dividends, and(or) meeting CSR by drop in environmentally friendly initiatives colossal potential market for Spa service Pricing structure changes to boost job levels Effective use of variety of media to generate more sales THREATS External shutting from other hotel industries Under runging and poor service to meet the high level booking that could clashing reputation Resistance from Competitors having state of art information technology can be market eaders. Fall in spa revenues of one premier hotel due to a rival business operated by an ex-manager. dissimilarity of opinion amongst management staff whitethorn delay the strategy implementation. WORKINGS 2. 1. 1 Investible surplus 59 cardinal is cash generated from operations before finance cost, revenue and dividends, which should be deducted. Besides, the additional operation cost incurred by human resources management should also be deducted in order to get the available cash for investment. 2. 1. 2Cost of finance S. nary(prenominal) AmountRate of sakeDetailsDuration for CY hobby Cost a. 12 m10%Oct- Dec 073 months0. 3 m b. 6 m8%Repayable in Sep 20101 yr0. 48m c. 15 m11%June 20121 yr1. 65m d. 20 m10%Jan-2008 to Dec 149 mths1. 5m get3. 93 m Notes a. 12 meg add at 10% repayable in December 2007 -As its repayable date is in December 2007, the interest get down incurred in this accounting period is only for trinity months (October 2007 to December 2007). 12 meg*10%*3/12 = 0. 3 cardinal b. 6 one meg million million give at 8% repayable in kinsfolk 2010 -6 million*8% = 0. 48 million c. 15 million lend at 11% repayable in June 2012 -15 million*11% = 1. 5 million d. 20 million contribute at 10% beginning in January 2008 and repayable in December 2014 -As this loanword began in January 2008, the interest disbursement incurred in this accounting period is only for ix months (January 2008 to folk 2008). 20 million*10%*9/12 = 1. 5 million 2. 1. 3 Tax expense As stated in the case, the post- valuate profit for the year ended September 2008 will be 27 million. Based on the revenue enhancement rate of 32%, the imposeable income = 27 million/(1-32%) = 39. 7 million . Therefore, the tax expense = 39. 7 million*32% = 12. 7 million 2. 1. 4 DividendsIn 2007, Solberri made a profit of 5 million and paid 2 million for dividends, which equals a dividend per share of 0. 083. Its recommended that Solberri reprize the DPS this ye ar, making the total dividends expenditure as much as 4 million. 2. 1. 5 Additional operation cost As is mentioned before, the high occupancy level this year will incur additional operative cost due to the employee recruitment, training and motivation. It estimated to be around 7. 5 million ground on an estimated 12% increase compared with 2007 when the staff costs were 62 million. Cash functional for Investment( in million)Investible surplus( before deduction)= 59. 00 Less Interest cost 3. 93 Tax expense 12. 7 Dividend expense 4. 00 Additional operation cost 7. 5 pass surplus= 30. 9 2. 2. hail cost for all four investment proposals ProposalInvestment cost per hotelNumber of hotels full(a) cost A9 million436 million B6 million848 million C****24 million D15 million chalk up cost123 million **Total cost for Proposal C = acquiring cost + refurbishing cost + marketing cost = 5 million +16 million+3 million = 24 million Total cost for Proposal D = 15 million 2. . Expected NPV of Proposal C As is shown in the case, when occupancy level equals 95%, the NPV will be 100. 0 million. When its 80%, the NPV will be 35 million. When its 50%, the NPV will be 25 million. And their probabilities are 25%, 60% and 15% respectively. Therefore, the weighted average NPV = 100. 0 million*25% + 35. 0 million*60% +(-25 million)*15% = 42. 2 million However the marketing cost of 3 million is excluded in the higher up NPV, so the expected NPV of Proposal C = 42. 2 million 3 million = 39. 2 million 2. 4. Breakeven occupancy level of Proposal C When occupancy level equals 95%, the NPV will be 97 million.When its 50%, the NPV will be -28 million. Thus, when the occupancy level decreases by 1%, the NPV will decrease by 2. 78 million. 97 million (-28 million) / (95-50) = 2. 78 million In this way, when the occupancy level changes by about 35% (97/2. 78), the NPV will decrease to zero. Therefore, the breakeven occupancy level is around 60%. 2. 5 Estimated cash retained Estimated ca sh retained = cash available for investment investment costs = 30. 9 million 24 million = 6. 9 million analogy amidst Solberri and Shangri-la Asia moderate with the DuPont sample 3. 1 DuPont pattern of Solberri 2007 make it on fair-mindedness (ROE) 0. 568 flow on additions (ROA) 0. 3086? uprightness multiplier (EM) 1. 8409 usefulness adjustment 0. 0314? Total plus upset 0. 9815 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 4568) displace Income/ fire gross sales make sales/ number Total pluss Total Liabilities/Total Assets 3. 2 DuPont Model of Shangri-la Asia circumscribed 2007 parry on candor (ROE) 0. 1046 dedicate on Assets (ROA) 0. 1029? Equity multiplier (EM) 1. 016 pay Margin 0. 3069? Total Asset turnover rate 0. 3354 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 0159) net income Income/ crystallize gross revenue light up gross revenue/ sightly Total Assets Total Liabilities/Total Assets Comparison amidst Solberri and Shangri-la Asia extra with the DuPont Model 3. DuPont Model of Solberri 2007 shine o n Equity (ROE) 0. 0568 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 3086? Equity multiplier factor (EM) 1. 8409 profits Margin 0. 0314? Total Asset turnover 0. 9815 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 4568) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/ middling Total Assets Total Liabilities/Total Assets 3. 2 DuPont Model of Shangri-la Asia Limited 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 0. 1046 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 1029? Equity Multiplier (EM) 1. 016 improvement Margin 0. 3069? Total Asset disturbance 0. 3354 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 0159) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/ second-rate Total Assets T Solberri Hotel January 20 2012This report is in response to the request by Solberri hotel group for a review of its facing issues and identification of possible solutions. Consulting report ? STATE OF AFFAIRS Solberri is a group of resort hotels registered as a listed company with 12 resort hotels in Europe. Established in the 1980s, it had run successfully until 2003 and also incurred losses in 2005 and 2006. To improve the situation, Solberri i mplemented strategy changes to the hotel operating environment such as the pricing changes and a refurbishment program. With these adjustments, situation gets better with a large forecast cash surplus in this financial year.Currently the chain of hotels is faced with critical issues revolving around its operation including human resources that are better explained with the help of SWOT compend in Appendix 1. It is important for Solberri to make use of the management tools to understand the current situation and to achieve the revenue target, increase share holder value and better customer satisfaction. ? ISSUES IN HAND Solberri is faced with multiple issues that act as a barrier to meet their goals and target. From our review and understanding of the environment we put forth the below issues and rank them as priority and other issues.Priority issues Poor customer experience that could be a result of ethical issues such as oPoor treatment of General manages and senior employees. oMi sdistribution of tips oInvestment in unprofitable environmentally friendly initiatives. The potential need to borrow money to enhance spas before the 2007/08 Peak season The need to raise occupancy rates and earnings generated from extra charges to hit the planned revenue for the financial year ending September 2008 The poor share price and vulnerability of Solberri Other issues Installation of solar panels Non-participation in the international star ratings system Potential problems with the quality of outsourced services Upgrading website to include a virtual tour of facilities . ? ISSUE psychoanalysis In this section, the analysis is done for top priority issues. Customer service and relevant HR issues. The quality of customer service is crucial to companies survival in service industry. Unfortunately, the service provided by Solberri failed to meet the expected standard of its customers. The main reason for poor customer service is employees lack of skills and motivation.The ma jority of Solberri employees are temporary, with limited knowledge of the hotel industry and relevant skills. Besides, all short-term employees only receive two days introduction training which is apparently insufficient. The customer service can be improved in two aspects. In the short term, Nick Silva, customer service Director, needs to review staffing level immediately to meet the upcoming demand. Strict selection and a specific regular training program are needed to ensure the quality of its employees.In the long term, adjusting the ratio of the number of long-term employees to that of short-term ones is necessary. Too many temporary employees lead to poor customer service and low stock of talents, resulting in General managers working long hours and under high stress (more details in ethical issues). Though more long-term employees mean more costs, the benefits from improved customer service will outweigh the costs. Furthermore, because recognition of employees efforts can sti mulate them to offer better service, some motivation measures are recommended.According to ERG theory, people in different levels have different needs. Most temporary employees are in the existence level, they need money to maintain their existence requirements, and therefore incentives such as bonus will be useful. However, most long-term employees are in relatedness and growth level, so incentives such as vocation award or decision making involvement will be suitable. With the new recruitment, training and incentives, its estimated that an additional employee cost of 7. 5 million will be incurred, a 12% increase from last year. Ethical issuesTwo ethical issues will be discussed in this report. a. Poor treatment of employees. General Managers and key senior employees are working under high stress over 16 hours every day. Solberri gets into ethical issue of overworking employees and paying no compensation. Due to a shortage of senior employees, their workload is unlikely to be reduc ed immediately. Therefore, the hotel should compensate for their overwork. To solve this problem fundamentally Soberri should reserve sufficient elites by increasing its long-term employees. b. Misdistribution of tips.When Solberri collected all the tips and evenly distributed them to employees, an ethical issue arose for the transparency and fairness of such distribution. Such controversial tips distribution should be changed back to the traditional wayemployees can keep the tips for themselves. For those non-facing-customer employees who dont get tips, Solberri is recommended to increase their bonus to make up the difference. Forecast cash surplus investment issue Before analyzing the four proposals, its important to know how much cash is available for investment.Since Solberri is under loan covenants and other financing alternatives such as rights issue cant raise funds in a short time, the only source of funds is the internal capital. Its estimated that 59 million cash will be g enerated from operations in this financial year. After deducting finance costs, tax, dividends and additional HR reform costs in the first issue, theres only 30. 9 million cash available. (Appendix 2. 1) The total amount for the four proposals is 123 million (Appendix 2. 2). Solberri has to perform a cost benefit analysis to choose the most rofitable proposal as it is clear that Solberri doesnt have enough funds to implement all of them. Proposal A is to extend the number of rooms at the four Premier hotels by adding each another 200 rooms and supporting facilities. Its estimated to generate 10 million NPV for each hotel over a 5-year period found on an 80% occupancy level. However, this may have some negative effects since the additional rooms and facilities make the hotel more crowded and less comfortable. Therefore, the 80% occupancy level is not guaranteed.Besides, its just the first year that Solberri has had such high occupancy levels. Extending the number of rooms in such a large scale is too risky. Proposal B is to invest in refurbishment and extend spa facilities at the remaining hotels. The forecast cost is 6 million for each hotel. The high level of bookings at the 4 Premier hotels during the 2008 Peak season has demonstrated the success of the refurbishment plan. So this proposal contains relatively little risk. Furthermore, spa facilities have become a key selling point in resort hotels.This new trend provides great opportunity for Solberri to escape from the Red Ocean, the very competitive market of traditional resort hotels. By differentiating itself by providing exclusive spa facilities, Solberri can successfully grab the Blue-ocean market, namely the profitable and rapidly-developing market of resort hotels with exclusive spa facilities. Finally, refurbishing the hotels can improve Solberris profit margin. However, refurbishing all the remaining hotels simultaneously is beyond Solberris financial ability. Its recommended that Solberri refurb ish only terzetto hotelstwo Superior and one Super Plus.Refurbishing the Super Plus hotels is riskier since there is no previous experience and the refurbishment will need to close permanently 15 rooms in each hotel. But if Solberri only refurbish Superior hotels, in a short time, there will be a gap in middle-priced hotels, which is unfavorable to the companys strategic development. Proposal C is to acquire an additional resort hotel costing 24 million. The expected NPV is 39. 2 million (Appendix 2. 3). Besides, the breakeven occupancy level is 60% (Appendix 2. 4), which is quite easy to achieve. So Proposal C seems profitable with reasonable risk.However, the initiate cost is too large as its for only one hotel. Compared with Proposal B, its too risky for Solberri in its first year with such good performance. Proposal D is to invest in environmentally friendly initiatives including the installation of solar panels costing 6 million and other environmental initiatives costing 9 mi llion. Though investing in these initiatives cannot generate profits for the company directly, it can help establish Solberri as a socially responsible company which will be positive to its image. But funds are so limited that investing in all these in unrealistic.Its recommended that Solberri invest in the solar panel project first since it can produce cost savings of 0. 6 million per year and defer the others. Loan covenant restriction The 20 million loan negotiated at the end of 2007 has loan covenants restricting the companys further loan financing within 2 years from December 2007, resulting in a probable capital shortage for its future development. Solberri can try negotiating with the bank for removal of restriction by showing them the latest forecast figures and the high level of bookings. However, the good performance of only one year wouldnt be convincing enough to the bank.Solberri can also try refinancing by issuing additional stocks through public offering or private pl acement. However, due to the relatively high standard and costly registration of public offering, private placement is preferable. With low threshold for issuing, private placement is feasible for Solberri whose business just began to pick up after slow seasons. With the good performance this year, its probable that the Solberri will attract strategic investment from institutional investors via private placements to ensure its future development. The poor share price and vulnerability of SolberriRECOMMENDATION Customer service and related HR issues. It is recommended that Solberri immediately work out a plan for recruitment and training, to ensure job fit and effective training among all employees. Employees who cant provide the high standard of service will be refused or assigned to non-facing-customer positions. Moreover, Solberri should set up appropriate motivation mechanisms such as bonus and vacation rewards. It is also recommended that Solberri enlarge its long-term employee proportion by training some short-term employees to be skillful long-term ones.In this way, more employees will cultivate a sense of responsibility and can handle the previous temporary employees work in non-peak season. Ethical issues Its recommended that Solberri compensate for employees overwork. In the long run, the company needs to enlarge its senior employee reserve. Its recommended that Solberri abandon its controversial tips distribution and set up a bonus system for non-facing customer employees to make up their income difference. Forecast cash surplus investment issueIts recommended that Solberri spend its forecast cash surplus on Proposal B to refurbish and extend the spa facilities at two Superior hotels and one Super Plus hotel, which costs 18 million in total. Since its just the first year Solberri has performed so well in these years, its better for it to be conservative towards investment. Its also recommended that Solberri invest in the installation of solar panels at all 12 hotels costing 6 million and postpone other environmentally friendly initiatives due to its limited funds. These two plans will result in 6. 9 million cash retained (Appendix 2. ), which will help improve the liquidity of Solberri. . Loan covenant restriction It is recommended that Solberri try to negotiate with the bank for removal of the restriction. If its not workable, Solberri could try veteran(a) equity offering to refinance either by public offering or private placement, while private placement seems to be most feasible for Solberri and thence is highly recommended. If external financing doesnt work, it is highly recommended that Solberri try all heart and soul to control its costs. The poor share price and vulnerability of Solberri ? CONCLUSIONSolberri is now at a crucial time since its the first time it has had such good performance in these years. It is now facing several important issues. The most important ones are how to solve the poor customer service probl em and which investment proposal to choose for its future development to increase the occupancy level for all the hotel rooms. It is believed that the analysis and recommendations above can serve as useful references for its decision-making. Solberri has to differentiate itself in the market through a shift by showcasing its spa facilities as its forefront in capturing holiday makers.With a change in visa regulations in Europe Solberri may opt to pay more fear to its local clients by offering the day use of the hotels services and facilities during non-peak seasons. To position itself as a holiday resort hotel, there should be a refurbishment of Solberris hotels to Premier standards ? SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Good reputation with a long history Proven track genius of range of spa facilities Successful refurbishment program Many of long-term employees have worked for Solberri for over 10 years with well-off experience. Stable co-operation with several travel agents. go through boa rd directors. High sense of incarnate Social Responsibility( 1 hotel won a bronze award in the chiliad Tourism business awards, 2007 High level of bookings for Peak season 2008 with large cash surplus forecast WEAKNESS out-of-date information technology systems. Restrictive loan covenant. Difficulty in enforcing agreed quality service levels. Declining share price compared to 2002 Poor customer service with disappointing customer feedback. Low level of repeat booking. leave out of motivation of short-term employees. Poorly merged financial planning. Resignation of Finance Director. OPPORTUNITIES High level of bookings and a forecast cash surplus of 59 million which can be used for further expansion, refurbishment program, paying dividends, and(or) meeting CSR by investing in environmentally friendly initiatives gigantic potential market for Spa service Pricing structure changes to boost occupancy levels Effective use of variety of media to generate more sales THREATS Externa l completion from other hotel industries Understaffing and poor service to meet the high level booking that could shock absorber reputation Resistance from Competitors having state of art information technology can be market leaders. Fall in spa revenues of one premier hotel due to a rival business operated by an ex-manager. diversion of opinion amongst management staff may delay the strategy implementation. WORKINGS 2. 1. 1 Investible surplus 59 million is cash generated from operations before finance costs, tax and dividends, which should be deducted. Besides, the additional operation cost incurred by human resources management should also be deducted in order to get the available cash for investment. 2. 1. 2Cost of financeS. No. AmountRate of InterestDetailsDuration for CYInterest Cost a. 12 m10%Oct- Dec 073 months0. 3 m b. 6 m8%Repayable in Sep 20101 yr0. 48m c. 15 m11%June 20121 yr1. 65m d. 20 m10%Jan-2008 to Dec 149 mths1. 5m Total3. 93 m Notes a. 12 million loan at 10% r epayable in December 2007 -As its repayable date is in December 2007, the interest expense incurred in this accounting period is only for three months (October 2007 to December 2007). 12 million*10%*3/12 = 0. 3 million b. 6 million loan at 8% repayable in September 2010 -6 million*8% = 0. 48 million c. 15 million loan at 11% repayable in June 2012 -15 million*11% = 1. 65 million d. 20 million loan at 10% beginning in January 2008 and repayable in December 2014 -As this loan began in January 2008, the interest expense incurred in this accounting period is only for golf-club months (January 2008 to September 2008). 20 million*10%*9/12 = 1. 5 million 2. 1. 3 Tax expense As stated in the case, the post-tax profit for the year ended September 2008 will be 27 million. Based on the tax rate of 32%, the taxable income = 27 million/(1-32%) = 39. 7 million . Therefore, the tax expense = 39. 7 million*32% = 12. 7 million 2. . 4 Dividends In 2007, Solberri made a profit of 5 million and paid 2 million for dividends, which equals a dividend per share of 0. 083. Its recommended that Solberri dual the DPS this year, making the total dividends expenditure as much as 4 million. 2. 1. 5 Additional operation cost As is mentioned before, the high occupancy level this year will incur additional available cost due to the employee recruitment, training and motivation. It estimated to be around 7. 5 million based on an estimated 12% increase compared with 2007 when the staff costs were 62 million. Cash on hand(predicate) for Investment( in million)Investible surplus( before deduction)= 59. 00 Less Interest cost 3. 93 Tax expense 12. 7 Dividend expense 4. 00 Additional operation cost 7. 5 Net surplus= 30. 9 2. 2. Total cost for all four investment proposals ProposalInvestment cost per hotelNumber of hotelsTotal cost A9 million436 million B6 million848 million C****24 million D15 million Total cost123 million **Total cost for Proposal C = acquiring cost + refurbishing cost + mark eting cost = 5 million +16 million+3 million = 24 million Total cost for Proposal D = 15 million . 3. Expected NPV of Proposal C As is shown in the case, when occupancy level equals 95%, the NPV will be 100. 0 million. When its 80%, the NPV will be 35 million. When its 50%, the NPV will be 25 million. And their probabilities are 25%, 60% and 15% respectively. Therefore, the weighted average NPV = 100. 0 million*25% + 35. 0 million*60% +(-25 million)*15% = 42. 2 million However the marketing cost of 3 million is excluded in the above NPV, so the expected NPV of Proposal C = 42. 2 million 3 million = 39. 2 million 2. 4. Breakeven occupancy level of Proposal CWhen occupancy level equals 95%, the NPV will be 97 million. When its 50%, the NPV will be -28 million. Thus, when the occupancy level decreases by 1%, the NPV will decrease by 2. 78 million. 97 million (-28 million) / (95-50) = 2. 78 million In this way, when the occupancy level changes by about 35% (97/2. 78), the NPV will dec rease to zero. Therefore, the breakeven occupancy level is around 60%. 2. 5 Estimated cash retained Estimated cash retained = cash available for investment investment costs = 30. 9 million 24 million = 6. 9 million Comparison surrounded by Solberri and Shangri-la Asia Limited with the DuPont Model 3. DuPont Model of Solberri 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 0. 0568 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 3086? Equity Multiplier (EM) 1. 8409 Profit Margin 0. 0314? Total Asset Turnover 0. 9815 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 4568) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/Average Total Assets Total Liabilities/Total Assets 3. 2 DuPont Model of Shangri-la Asia Limited 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 0. 1046 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 1029? Equity Multiplier (EM) 1. 016 Profit Margin 0. 3069? Total Asset Turnover 0. 3354 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 0159) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/Average Total Assets Total Liabilities/Total AssetsComparison between Solberri and Shangri-la Asia Limited with the DuPont Model 3. 1 DuPont Model of Solberri 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 0. 0568 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 3086? Equity Multiplier (EM) 1. 8409 Profit Margin 0. 0314? Total Asset Turnover 0. 9815 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 4568) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/Average Total Assets Total Liabilities/Total Assets 3. 2 DuPont Model of Shangri-la Asia Limited 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 0. 1046 Return on Assets (ROA) 0. 1029? Equity Multiplier (EM) 1. 016 Profit Margin 0. 3069? Total Asset Turnover 0. 3354 1 /(1Debt Ratio 0. 0159) Net Income/Net Sales Net Sales/Average Total Assets T