Free Essays on Ride Along

I would never envision how a typical day for a cop would be so requesting. My ride along involvement in Austin Police Department wound up being energizing and extreme simultaneously. I was lucky enough to get the opportunity to ride the whole move, which begins at 6:00 p.m. furthermore, closes at 4:00 a.m., pending on the administrative work finished toward the night's end. I was to be at the East Substation in Austin at 6:00 p.m. on a Friday evening. The bit of East Austin that was watched is District 5, Charlie Sector. I was quickly acquainted with the Sergeant and Corporal of the overnight move. At 6:30 p.m., the two officials directed a gathering and with four other partner officials. They talked about issue regions and grievances inside East Austin. The gathering had a specific earnestness, yet the sum of the gathering didn't keep going long and finished strong with certain officials ridiculing each other and making wisecracks. The gathering closed at 6:50 p.m., and I was to rid e with one of the Officers at the gathering. He stood a tall, solid, and genuine man with a specific terrorizing in his eyes; and when contrasted with police character in Chapter Six, he fit the form. It didn't take long after the Officer and I had gotten arranged inside the watch vehicle that there was an aggravation call. Not very sure in the event that I was permitted to escape the watch vehicle, I sat inside while he and different Officers addressed a man contending and battling at a city transport stop. It closed with the man leaving the territory and myself being advised to escape the vehicle on our next call. Soon after that, another aggravation call got through the radio. An occupant was being expelled from her loft and still couldn't seem to move out, so as in her rent understanding, the landowner evacuate the TV as insurance for her to move out and additionally pay the lease. The lady was incredibly incensed and baffled so she started to cuss out the landowner. The Officer and I escaped... Free Essays on Ride Along Free Essays on Ride Along I would never envision how a typical day for a cop would be so requesting. My ride along involvement in Austin Police Department wound up being energizing and exceptional simultaneously. I was blessed enough to get the opportunity to ride the whole move, which begins at 6:00 p.m. furthermore, closes at 4:00 a.m., pending on the desk work finished toward the night's end. I was to be at the East Substation in Austin at 6:00 p.m. on a Friday evening. The segment of East Austin that was watched is District 5, Charlie Sector. I was quickly acquainted with the Sergeant and Corporal of the overnight move. At 6:30 p.m., the two officials directed a gathering and with four other partner officials. They talked about issue regions and grievances inside East Austin. The gathering had a specific earnestness, however the whole of the gathering didn't keep going long and finished strong with certain officials ridiculing each other and making wisecracks. The gathering finished up at 6:50 p.m., and I was to ride with one of the Officers at the gathering. He stood a tall, solid, and genuine man with a specific terrorizing in his eyes; and when contrasted with police character in Chapter Six, he fit the shape. It didn't take exceptionally long after the Officer and I had gotten arranged inside the watch vehicle that there was an unsettling influence call. Not very sure in the event that I was permitted to escape the watch vehicle, I sat inside while he and different Officers addressed a man contending and battling at a city transport stop. It finished up with the man leaving the region and myself being advised to escape the vehicle on our next call. Soon after that, another unsettling influence call got through the radio. An occupant was being expelled from her condo and presently couldn't seem to move out, so as in her rent understanding, the landowner evacuate the TV as insurance for her to move out as well as pay the lease. The lady was very enraged and baffled so she started to cuss out the landowner. The Officer and I escaped...

Great Wilderness Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extraordinary Wilderness Debate - Essay Example Others accept it as a social accept that a wild is a territory that has been compromised by development and improvement and paying little mind to what should be possible the land can't show any positive development (Callicott and Nelson 6). The current biodiversity put aside a choice to protect the land from eradication and the partition of individuals from nature in a roundabout way recommend the creation that fills in for instance of wild thought. This subject of wild has pulled in the greater part of the ecological rationalists and the network everywhere that guiltlessly accepted that the wild is a characteristic sacred calm spot. To recognize ferocity and wild, we can make an image of something that may happen or can be conceivable later on by possessing nature emblematically. Cronon attempts to give and separate wild from ferocity by characterizing it as the main safeguarding on the planet (Cronon 7). His thought requires a keen report since it is more worry with the making of h uman societies and progress on the planet we are living in. Human progress then again should be possible in a way that will forestall pollution of the lovely condition as opposed to basing the plan to societies and authentic suppositions. We can figure out how to acknowledge and save the little and flighty parcels that encompass us and have the option to preserve and keep up the excellence of the ferocity (Callicott and Nelson 541). Taking a case of a tree in a nursery and the other one of every an old spot, we obviously observe the significance of esteeming the two trees on the grounds that by doing so we esteem them as well as even respect the significance of saving our condition. It is acceptable to respect any wild paying little mind to its physical position in light of the fact that a tree isn't less wild when it is in the nursery than it is in the old spot. We should think about the way that the tree in the wild and that in the nursery require similar elements for them to deve lop and imitate and furthermore regard the nature. We are to arrange a living being as wild or agreeable as indicated by its unique circumstance and not by its constitution or position to make reference to the differentiation among normal and counterfeit events (Aitken 5). The conviction that wild is a virgin unadulterated occupied land must be saved and recovery of the grounds be done in the correct way of saving the whole land not really the wild. Wild existed before human refinement extended and will keep on existing long after the way of life have stopped to exist and the network ought to embrace and acknowledge to live with these changes. The human-condition cooperation has restrained the land in an opposite way that has affected and changed the presence of the wild by individuals attempting to ensure their necessities without surrendering authority of the land that could be harmed naturally. The minor nearness of things done by individuals doesn't deny the official condition o f wild since a wild exists in situations that normally work with extremely insignificant human impedance. We ought to give a sheltered and thinking about the advantages of every single organic framework and the universe in general in order to make a dynamic and supportive human-wild cooperation. Protection tips

25 Great Essay Collections from 2016

25 Great Essay Collections from 2016 I realized a little while ago that 2016 was shaping up to be a banner year for essays. It occurred to me that I could put together a list of collections that I read and loved or that I will make sure I read soon. I thought I would include 10 or so. But that hypothetical list of 10 quickly expanded to 15, and then 20, and then to 25, and I could add even more. But this list of 25 is an excellent starting point enough to keep you reading for a long time. The list below includes collections by novelists, poets, comedians, actors, bloggers, and activists. The first 17 have already been published, and the final 8 are forthcoming later this year. The list should have something for everyone: some of these books are funny, some are deeply personal, some are experimental, some are journalistic, some are literary. But all, I hope, will be thought-provoking and fun to read. The Fire This Time, edited by Jesmyn Ward: This anthology includes essays by writers such as Edwidge Danticat, Kiese Laymon, Claudia Rankine, Isabel Wilkerson, and more. Its a follow-up to James Baldwin 1963 book The Fire Next Time, looking at the African-American experience and the state of race relations in America today. Its a powerful and necessary collection. Known and Strange Things, Teju Cole: This book contains more than 50 essays on literature, photography, travel, and more. Coles voice is both intellectual and engaging; his insights into the world its politics, art, and culture illuminate modern-day life. Proxies: Essays Near Knowing, Brian Blanchfield: Blanchfields short essays bring together ideas and experiences you never thought could exist in one piece of writing. These essays are a mental work-out; they challenge and charm at once. They are poetic, confessional, brilliant. Violation, Sallie Tisdale: This volume collects essays from the 1980s through today. Tisdales work is varied in content but always full of sharp observations and insights about family, culture, science, writing, and more. Tisdales mind is a fascinating place; you never quite know what to expect or where an essay might take you. Bukowski in a Sundress, Kim Addonizio: These pieces are largely autobiographical; in fact, this book gets described as a memoir, but its really a collection of personal essays held together by Addonizios distinct voice and outlook on life. Shes had a rough life in some ways, and she writes about it and her struggles with writing in ways that are moving and hard to resist. So Sad Today, Melissa Broder: Broder is a poet and the genius behind the Twitter account @sosadtoday, where this book gets its name. About anxiety and life in the modern world, these essays are revealing and darkly funny. The Girls in My Town, Angela Morales: This book won the River Teeth Literary Nonfiction prize. It contains autobiographical essays about Moraless family in Los Angeles. It tells stories about growing up and coming to understand her intelligence, her role as a writer, and her place in the world. Shame and Wonder, David Searcy: A debut collection of 21 essays, this book combines a personal voice with a sharp critical eye. Searcys subjects are varied, but his perspective on the world is consistently surprising, fresh, and insightful. The Abundance, Annie Dillard: Dillard is renowned as a nature writer and is most famous for Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. This volume collects essays from throughout her illustrious career, including both famous pieces and lesser-known works. We Gon Be Alright, Jeff Chang: This is another in a series of great recent essay collections about race. Chang takes a look at Ferguson, Black Lives Matter, and other recent events and helps us understand ourselves and our country. Youll Grow Out of It, Jessi Klein: Klein is a writer and producer for the series Inside Amy Schumer, writing here about her experience of modern womanhood. These essays are funny and honest. White Sands, Geoff Dyer: These essays combine travel writing, memoir, and Dyers signature genre-bending prose and dry British wit. Known for Out of Sheer Rage and Yoga for People Who Cant Be Bothered to Do It, Dyer is a prose-writer worth reading at length. Calamities, Renee Gladman: Published by the fascinating small press Wave Books, this volume contains linked essays about writing and narrative. Gladman is a writer of experimental fiction and nonfiction, and these essays will both fascinate and challenge. Lost Wax, Jericho Parms: Partly autobiographical, these essays cover the authors life in the Bronx in the 80s and 90s as well as her travels around the world. They are also meditations on art, race, family, and identity. Everywhere I Look, Helen Garner: Garner is an acclaimed Australian writer of both fiction and nonfiction. This collection brings together essays from the past 15 years on topics as varied as the insults of aging, the ballet, her relationship with her mother, and rereading Jane Austen. Where Am I Now?, Mara Wilson: Wilsons subtitle is True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame. The book contains essays about her experiences as a child star and on through her adolescence and into her adulthood. Wilsons writing is humorous and fun, as well as full of insight into what it means to be young and female. Im Judging You, Luvvie Ajayi: Ajayi is a comedian, activist, and blogger, and this is her debut collection of essays. She offers self-help with plenty of humor and wit, and covers pop culture, race, and media. My Private Property, Mary Ruefle (Wave Books, October 4th): Ruefle is a beloved poet as well as the author of the previous collection of essays Madness, Rack, and Honey. In My Private Property, we find short poetic essays and prose poems on a wide range of subjects. You Cant Touch My Hair, Phoebe Robinson (Plume, October 4th): Like the Jessi Klein collection, this is another book of essays by a comedian, and Robinson is, among many other things, co-host with Jessica Williams of the 2 Dope Queens podcast. This book is about her experiences as a black woman, including, among many other things, her feelings about her hair. Ill Tell You in Person, Chloe Caldwell (Coffee House Press, October 4th): This book will be published jointly by Coffee House Press and the ebook publisher Emily Books. Caldwell is the author of the essay collection Legs Get Led Astray, and in her new book writes personal pieces about, among other topics, her attempts to figure out what it means to become an adult. Upstream, Mary Oliver (Penguin Press, October 11th): Oliver has been publishing poetry to great acclaim since 1963. Her essays here reflect on her relationship to the natural world, to writing, and to the poetic inheritance she works within. Unbearable Splendor, Sun Yung Shin (Coffee House Press, October 11th): Sun Yung Shin is a poet, and in this book is writing poetic essays. Or maybe its essayistic poetry? Whatever we want to call it, this book explores the authors various identities, including being American, Korean, an adoptee, a mother, a Catholic, and a Buddhist. Not Just Jane, Shelley DeWees (Harper Perennial, October 25th): This collection explores the work and significance of seven women writing during Jane Austens time, including Charlotte Turner Smith, Sara Coleridge, and Mary Robinson. Together, the essays work to broaden our understanding of literary history. Eat Live Love Die, Betty Fussell (Counterpoint, November 15th): Fussell has written on many subjects, but most notably on food. She has published histories of food, cookbooks, food memoirs, and journalism. This collection brings together a variety of her published work. A Woman Looking at Men Looking at Women, Siri Hustvedt (Simon and Schuster, December 6th): Hustvedts subtitle is Essays on Art, Sex, and the Mind. She is known for novels such as  What I Loved and The Blazing World, as well as for multiple essay collections and works of nonfiction. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

A P By John Updike And Where Are You Going, Where Have...

In the short stories â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates, both authors tell of story of transitioning from childhood to adulthood. Sammy, from Updike’s story, is a nineteen year old boy whose parents got him a job as a cashier at the local AP. Connie, from Oates’ story, is a pretty, blonde, fifteen year old girl who has an almost narcissistic attitude as she has a habit of constantly checking herself and comparing herself to others. Both of these teenagers are in the similar position of growing up, however, they are doing so in very different ways. Sammy faces the decision of staying at his job or leaving. His parents are friends with the manager of the store, Lengel. One day three girls walk into the store wearing nothing but bathing suits. Seeing it is a slow day, Sammy observes the girls as they go through the store and to his luck come to his check out station. Lengel then sees them at chec kout and confronts the girls to tell them about the store’s policy that they should be dressed decently upon entering the store, â€Å"‘Girls, I don’t want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. It’s our policy’† (Updike). This is where Sammy has his transitioning experience. Upon hearing this conversation, Sammy tries be a hero for the girls by making the decision to quit his job, â€Å"The girls, and who’d blame, them are in a hurry to get out, so I say ‘I quit’ to Lengel quick enough for them to hear,Show MoreRelatedComparing A P And Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol Oates Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesStories Throughout the short stories, â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates there are a various number of similarities and differences between the two. Both Updike and Oates short stories focused on the sexuality of younger girls and force the main characters to make a life changing decision. Leaving their innocence behind, whether they like it or not, by the end of the stories, Sammy and Connie have come into adulthood. Throughout comparing andRead MoreJohn Updike’s AP1429 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration. In John Updike’s â€Å"A P†, a teenage boy named Sammy works at a local store called AP. Sammy is a young casher, that stands up to his boss and he stands up for three girls who are dressed in bathing suits. Sammy lives in a small town, where nothing really happens. There is a struggle within every teenager. Sammy doesn’t like his job at the store or the store itself, and he finds the customers to be like sheep. â€Å"All this while, the customers had been showing up with their carts, you know, sheepRead More The American Male in John Updikes AP Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Male John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, is a short story that relates an episode in the life of a teenage (male) grocery store employee, circa 1961. Many critics suggest that this story is told through the eyes of the main character Sammy, and not through those of the author, John Updike. The label placed upon teenage males in modern society is often that of an à ¼ber sexist that views the female entity in only sexual lights. This assessment is supported in Updike’s story by means of diction andRead More Conformity and Individuality in a Small Town Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pages Conformity and Individuality in a Small Town John Updike was born in Shillington, Pennsylvania on March 18, 1932. His father was a high school math teacher who supported the entire family, including his grandparents on his mothers side. As a child, Updike wanted to become a cartoonist because of The New Yorker magazine. He wrote articles and poems and kept a journal. John was an exceptional student and received a full scholarship to Harvard University. At Harvard he majored in English and becameRead MoreFiction Analysis of aP and the Lesson Essay examples1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe theme of desire has been portrayed in many novels and stories. Perhaps the most well-known depiction of desire can be found in the Bible. In the Book of Genesis, a snake tempts Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge after he convinces them that they will gain God’s knowledge of good and evil and be protected from death. Despite God’s word to not eat of the fruit, Adam and Eve did so anyway. Surely, this stor y portrays temptation; however, beyond the theme of temptationRead MoreFinding Identity in John Updike ´s AP1354 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual in society. The protagonist in John Updike’s â€Å"AP† is a young man working in a supermarket, who judges all the customers and see’s all the conformity that the store encompasses all while searching to be outside the conformist’s that exist there. John Updike uses Sammy to show through Symbolism the journey to self-identity. This coming of age story stands as a message of empowerment to all future generations. Updike uses the older generation in AP to symbolize what Sammy does not identifyRead MoreViews of Women in The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant AP by John Updike848 Words   |  4 PagesViews of Women in The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant AP by John Updike The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant, and AP by John Updike were written in two different centuries by two authors of very different backgrounds. However, each story expresses very similar views about women. The women in these stories are self-centered creatures who control men with their sexuality, and end up damaging the mens life. The main character in The Necklace is a lady named Mathilde who is extremely prettyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updikes AP Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes story AP talks about a 19-year old lad, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still beRead MoreJohn Updike s A P, As A Reflector Of Our Society1270 Words   |  6 Pagesin our realm of awareness that has not been labelled or ranked. These practices originated from the basic human conditioning for survival and understanding. However, they soon developed into numerous attitudes, behaviors, judgments and systems of policies that have constrained and segregated our population (Kadi). Heeding the ominous effects of these systems of classification, John Updike utilizes his short story â€Å"AP†, as a reflector of our society. Updike exercises the literary elements of a condescendingRead MoreJohn Updikes aP : Sammys Growth1545 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes AP : Sammys Growth John Updikes story AP is about a nineteen year old boy, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could

Hisarlik, Scientific Excavations at Ancient Troy

Hisarlik (occasionally spelled Hissarlik and also known as Ilion, Troy or Ilium Novum) is the modern name for a tell located near the modern city of Tevfikiye in the Dardanelles of northwest Turkey. The tell—a type of archaeological site that is a tall mound hiding a buried city—covers an area of about 200 meters (650 feet) in diameter and stands 15 m (50 ft) high. To the casual tourist, says archaeologist Trevor Bryce (2002), excavated Hisarlik looks like a mess, a confusion of broken pavements, building foundations and superimposed, crisscrossing fragments of walls. The mess known as Hisarlik is widely believed by scholars to be the ancient site of Troy, which inspired the marvelous poetry of the Greek poet Homers masterpiece, The Iliad. The site was occupied for some 3,500 years, beginning in the Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age period about 3000 BC, but it is certainly most famous as the probable location of Homers 8th century BC stories of the Late Bronze Age Trojan War, which took place 500 years earlier. Chronology of Ancient Troy Excavations by Heinrich Schliemann and others have revealed perhaps as many as ten separate occupation levels in the 15-m-thick tell, including Early and Middle Bronze Ages (Troy Levels 1-V), a late Bronze Age occupation presently associated with Homers Troy (Levels VI/VII), a Hellenistic Greek occupation (Level VIII) and, at the top, a Roman period occupation (Level IX). Troy IX, Roman, 85 BC-3rd c ADTroy VIII, Hellenistic Greek, founded in the mid-eighth centuryTroy VII 1275-1100 BC, quickly replaced the destroyed city but itself destroyed between 1100-1000Troy VI 1800-1275 BC, Late Bronze Age, the last sublevel (VIh) is thought to represent Homers TroyTroy V, Middle Bronze Age, ca 2050-1800 BCTroy IV, Early Bronze Age (abbreviated EBA) IIIc, post-AkkadTroy III, EBA IIIb, ca. 2400-2100 BC, comparable to Ur IIITroy II, EBA II, 2500-2300, during the Akkadian empire, Priams Treasure, wheel-made pottery with red-slip potteryTroy I, Late Chalcolithic/EB1, ca 2900-2600 cal BC, hand-made dark burnished hand-built potteryKumtepe, Late Chalcolithic, ca 3000 cal BCHanaytepe, ca 3300 cal BC, comparable to Jemdet NasrBesiktepe, comparable to Uruk IV The earliest version of the city of Troy is called Troy 1, buried beneath 14 m (46 ft) of later deposits. That community included the Aegean megaron, a style of narrow, long-room house which shared lateral walls with its neighbors. By Troy II (at least), such structures were reconfigured for public use—the first public buildings at Hisarlik—and residential dwellings consisted in the form of several rooms surrounding interior courtyards. Much of the Late Bronze Age structures, those dated to the time of Homers Troy and including the entire central area of the Troy VI citadel, were razed by Classical Greek builders to prepare for the construction of the Temple of Athena. The painted reconstructions that you see show a hypothetical central palace and a tier of surrounding structures for which there is no archaeological evidence. The Lower City Many scholars were skeptical about Hisarlik being Troy because it was so small, and Homers poetry seems to suggest a large commercial or trading center. But excavations by Manfred Korfmann discovered that the small central hilltop location supported a much larger population, perhaps as many as 6,000 living in an area estimated to be about 27 hectares (about one-tenth of a square mile) lying adjacent to and stretched out 400 m (1300 ft) from the citadel mound. The Late Bronze Age parts of the lower city, however, were cleaned out by the Romans, although remnants of a defensive system including a possible wall, a palisade, and two ditches were found by Korfmann. Scholars are not united in the size of the lower city, and indeed Korfmanns evidence is based on a fairly small excavation area (1-2% of the lower settlement). Priams Treasure is what Schliemann called a collection of 270 artifacts he claimed to have found in within palace walls at Hisarlik. Scholars think it is more likely that he found some in a stone box (called a cist) among building foundations above the Troy II fortification wall on the western side of the citadel, and those probably represent a  hoard  or a  cist grave. Some of the objects were found elsewhere and Schliemann simply added them to the pile. Frank Calvert, among others, told Schliemann that the artifacts were too old to be from Homers Troy, but Schliemann ignored him and published a photograph of his wife Sophia wearing the diadem and jewels from Priams Treasure. What seems likely to have come from the cist includes a wide range of gold and silver objects. The gold included a sauceboat, bracelets, headdresses (one illustrated on this page), a diadem, basket-earrings with pendant chains, shell-shaped earrings and nearly 9,000 gold beads, sequins and studs. Six silver ingots were included, and bronze objects included vessels, spearheads, daggers, flat axes, chisels, a saw, and several blades. All of these artifacts have since been stylistically dated to the Early Bronze Age, in Late Troy II (2600-2480 BC). Priams treasure created a huge scandal when it was discovered that Schliemann had smuggled the objects out of Turkey to Athens, breaking Turkish law and expressly against his permit to excavate. Schliemann was sued by the Ottoman government, a suit which was settled by Schliemann paying 50,000 French Francs (about 2000 English pounds at the time). The objects ended up in Germany during World War II, where they were claimed by the Nazis. At the end of World War II, Russian allies removed the treasure and took it to Moscow, where it was  revealed in 1994. Troy Wilusa There is a bit of exciting but controversial evidence that Troy and its troubles with Greece might be mentioned in Hittite documents. In Homeric texts, Ilios and Troia were interchangeable names for Troy: in Hittite texts, Wilusiya and Taruisa are nearby states; scholars have surmised recently that they were one and the same. Hisarlik may have been the royal seat of the king of  Wilusa, who was a  vassal to the Great King of the Hittites, and who suffered battles with his neighbors. The status of the site—that is to say the status of Troy—as an important regional capital of western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age has been a consistent flashpoint of heated debate among scholars for most of its modern history. The Citadel, even though it is heavily damaged, can be seen to be considerably smaller than other Late Bronze Age regional capitals such as  Gordion, Buyukkale, Beycesultan, and  Bogazkoy. Frank Kolb, for example, has argued fairly strenuously that Troy VI was not even much of a city, much less a commercial or trade center and certainly not a capital. Because of Hisarliks connection with Homer, the site has perhaps unfairly been intensively debated. But the settlement was likely a pivotal one for its day, and, based on Korfmanns studies, scholarly opinions and the preponderance of evidence, Hisarlik likely was the site where events occurred that formed the basis of Homers  Iliad. Archaeology at Hisarlik Test excavations were first conducted at Hisarlik by railroad engineer John Brunton in the 1850s and archaeologist/diplomat  Frank Calvert  in the 1860s. Both lacked the connections and money of their much-better-known associate,  Heinrich Schliemann, who excavated at Hisarlik between 1870 and 1890. Schliemann heavily relied on Calvert, but notoriously downplayed Calverts role in his writings. Wilhelm Dorpfeld excavated for Schliemann at Hisarlik between 1893-1894, and  Carl Blegen  of the University of Cincinnati in the 1930s. In the 1980s, a new collaborative team started at the site led by  Manfred Korfmann  of the University of Tà ¼bingen and  C. Brian Rose  of the University of Cincinnati. Sources Archaeologist Berkay Dinà §er has several excellent  photographs of Hisarlik  on his Flickr page. Allen SH. 1995.  Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert, Excavator.  American Journal of Archaeology  99(3):379-407. Allen SH. 1998.  A Personal Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures.  The Classical World  91(5):345-354. Bryce TR. 2002.  The Trojan War: Is There Truth behind the Legend?  Near Eastern Archaeology  65(3):182-195. Easton DF, Hawkins JD, Sherratt AG, and Sherratt ES. 2002.  Troy in recent perspective.  Anatolian Studies  52:75-109. Kolb F. 2004. Troy VI:  A Trading Center and Commercial City?  American Journal of Archaeology  108(4):577-614. Hansen O. 1997. KUB XXIII.  13: A Possible Contemporary Bronze Age Source for the Sack of Troy.  The Annual of the British School at Athens 92:165-167. Ivanova M. 2013.  Domestic architecture in the Early Bronze Age of western Anatolia: the row-houses of Troy I.  Anatolian Studies  63:17-33. Jablonka P, and Rose CB. 2004.  Forum Response: Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb.  American Journal of Archaeology  108(4):615-630. Maurer K. 2009.  Archeology as Spectacle: Heinrich Schliemanns Media of Excavation.  German Studies Review  32(2):303-317. Yakar J. 1979.  Troy and Anatolian Early Bronze Age Chronology.  Anatolian Studies  29:51-67.

Basic Chemistry for investigating living things Free Essays

Which test tube represents the control? The one with water. C. Why? When protein molecules are present, Beirut Reagent reacts with the protein to form a purple color. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Chemistry for investigating living things or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tube number one is the control tube because it is distilled water and has no protein; the tube has no color. C. Which test tube contained the most test substance? Amylase D. Other than the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Hard to say because the other ones didn’t have much of a color, so it didn’t seem like there was much protein at all. E. Did the results agree with your initial hypothesis in every case? Yes F. Why or why to? Starches and sugars are helped by protein enzymes and Amylase is an enzyme. Good source of protein, so I thought Albumen would have protein Eggs are a foods, but the Beirut reagent isn’t strong enough to pick up small amounts G. If the color change is not as you expected, what might be the reasons? Contamination H. Add another 5 drops of Beirut Reagent to each test tube and stir as before. Do your results change? I didn’t notice any change Discussion A. What is the purpose of this exercise? To use color to detect if substances have protein since Beirut reagent would react with a protein to form a purple color B. Why is it important to clean droppers and equipment between chemical uses? To avoid cross contamination C. What other types of foods or substances contain high levels of protein? Meat or fingernails D. Suggest a situation where you might use the Beirut Reagent colorimetric test. It kidney disease E. What other types of analytical procedures detect the presence of proteins? The Lowry Method Exercise 2: Testing for the Presence of Starch in Cells A. What is the test substance? Starch B. Which test tube represents the control? Water C. Why? Water has no starch and it turned amber, so if your color was amber, you ad no starch D. Which test tube contained the most test substance? Potato starch Other than the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Albumen and amylase E. Did the results agree with your initial hypothesis in each case, why or why not? Known to have starch, and they did. I didn’t expect the proteins Yes, potatoes are to have starch sources, but they’re not in every natural food source G. If the color change is not as you expected it to be, what might be the reasons? That items I did not think had starch, actually did have it. A. What is the purpose of this exercise? Iodine reacts with carbohydrates to form a dark blue color, so you would know if the substance had carbohydrates based on the color it turned. B. What other types of foods or substances contain high levels of starch? Wheat grain C. Suggest a situation where you might use the iodine colorimetric test. Testing for thyroid issues D. What other types of analytical procedures detect the presence of starch? Detect the presence of starch by using the chemical method A. What is the test substance? Sugar C. Why? There is no sugar in water, and it turned a light blue. Any test with that color old mean that there was no sugar C. Which test tube contained the most test substance? Glucose D. Besides the control, which test tube contained the least test substance? Potato starch D. Did the results agree with your initial hypothesis in every case? Yes E. Why or why not? The test specifically looks for glucose, so other carbohydrates and starches that don’t have glucose, will not show sugar F. What are you conclusions about the results? Glucose will react with Benedicts reagent G. If the color change is not as expected, what might be the reasons? Contamination How to cite Basic Chemistry for investigating living things, Papers

The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians an Example by

The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians According to Charito Ushinahua (2008) the Yanomamo Indians are also called "Yanomami, Guaharibo, Guaica, Guajaribo, Ianomami, Yanoama, Yanomama, Yanomame, and Xiriana" (par. 2) The term "Yanomami" means "human being." Need essay sample on "The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This Indian tribe live in the southern area of Venezuela and north of Brazil. Ushinahua (2008) says there are about 30,000 Yanomamo Indians living in the mentioned areas. (par. 1) This tribe is subdivided into four language families as follows: "Yanoma (Yanomam), Sanuma, Ninam, and Yanam." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 1) Yanomamo Indians are communal and live in a house called "shabono." There are roofed areas where individual families live. They supply themselves with food by fishing and hunting in the Amazon Rainforest. When a certain area is already depleted of resources, they move their village to another area. Both men and women do not wear any clothing except that men wear a belt for support. They also decorate themselves with feathers and flowers ." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 4) As seen in photos, there are ones who have facial pierces of wooden sticks that go across the face. There are also some that apply different colors of inks across their faces and bodies which are tattoo-like. According to Ushinahua, (2008) each shabono is politically and economically independent from other shabonos (par. 4) Communities practice incest or marrying within the family circle: "Community members typically marry within the community with a cross-cousin, that is with the offspring of a paternal aunt or maternal uncle." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 4) Aside from this, it is common, even expected that the man marries several wives. The Yanomamo tribe like other tribes that live in the Amazon, believe in animism. They believe that every plant (be it a shrub or grass) have life, have an animal spirit in them. "The Yanomami refer to these shamanic spirits as xapiripe(sometimes called hekura or hekurape)." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 5) One must use "yopo" or "bene" which are hallucinogens, in order to see the shaman spirits. The "yopo" is taken from a virola tree. After hunting, the yopo is blown towards the nasal cavities by one man to another using some wooden tool. They believe that once the yopo is transferred, energy is transferred as well. The person then is able to control spirits and gives him the power to heal others and the power to hurt enemies. According to Ushinahua (2008), it was in 1980 when several members of the yanomamo tribe died because of the invasion of miners in their territory. There was an estimated death of 2,000 Indians. These deaths were caused by the massacres. They also died of illnesses incurred from mercury that affected the tribe's source of food and drinking water. The yanomamo Indians are under threat because of the richness of gold in the area where they live. With this, the Brazilian government has placed some protection in the year 1992. The gold miners were displeased and were found guilty of genocide, having committed in 1993 a crime known as the "Haximu Massacre." Ushinahua, (2008) says that to this date, there is still the political issue of reducing the tribe's territory so that the mining operations can take place. It is worthy to note the leader of the yanomamo Indians, Davi Kopenawa foretold the destruction. He said that at one point, the Amazon forest will be destroyed. He enumerated the trees, the creeks, the lands, even the spirits will all die should the forest be killed by "the whites." As he states: "The forest-land will become dry and empty. The shamans will no longer be able to deter the smoke-epidemics and the malefic beings who make us ill. And so everyone will die.' (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 5) References Ushinahua, C. Yanonami Indians: The Fierce People? 2008. Amazon Indian.Org. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from http://www.amazon-indians.org/yanomami.html .

Almost, But Not Quite

Almost, But Not Quite One of the most popular features on this site has been the list of false friends, those words that look the same or almost the same as English words but have different meanings. However, such words arent the only dangerous ones for those who believe (usually correctly) that knowing English gives them a head start on Spanish vocabulary. For there also are a number of words that might be called fickle friends, words that are roughly synonymous with English words but have a different connotation, or that are synonymous some of the time but not always. These words can be confusing to anyone with a knowledge of English who is speaking Spanish as a second language. (Although technically not accurate, false friends are often referred to as false cognates. Presumably, that would make fickle friends known as partial cognates.) To take an extreme example of a fickle friend, one so extreme it is on the list of false friends, look at molestar, which is related to the English verb to molest. In English, the verb can mean to bother, which is its Spanish meaning, as in the sentence they continued on their journey unmolested. But far more often, almost always, the English word has a sexual connotation that is absent in Spanish. Many of the words on the following list are something like that, in that they have a meaning similar to an English one but often mean something different. Translating them as the English cognates may make sense some of the time but frequently it wont. Accià ³n: It is usually synonymous with action in its various meanings. But to a stock broker it can also mean a share, and to an artist it can be posture or pose. Adecuado: This word can mean adequate in the sense of being appropriate. But adequate can have a negative connotation that adecuado doesnt. Its usually better to translade adecuado as suitable or fitting. Admirar: It can mean to admire. But it frequently means to surprise or to astonish. Afeccià ³n: Once in a while, this word does refer to a fondness toward somebody or something. But far more commonly it refers to a disease or some other sort of medical condition. Better words for affection are another cognate, afecto, and a separate word, carià ±o. Agonà ­a: Nobody wants to be in agony, but the Spanish agonà ­a is much worse, usually suggesting that someone is in the final stages of death. Americano: The understanding of this word varies from place to place. If youre from the United States, its safest to say soy de los Estados Unidos. Aparente: It can mean the same as the English apparent. However, the Spanish usually carries a strong implication that things arent what they appear to be. Thus, aparentemente fue a la tienda would usually be understood not as he apparently went to the store but as it appeared like he had gone to the store but he didnt. Aplicar: Yes, this word does mean apply, as in applying an ointment or a theory. But if youre applying for a job, use solicitar (although there is some regional usage of aplicar). Similarly, an application for a job or something else you would apply for is a solicitud. Apologà ­a: The Spanish word doesnt have anything to do with saying youre sorry. But it is synonymous with the English word apology only when it means a defense, as in a defense of the faith. An apology in the usual sense of the word is excusa or disculpa. Arena: In sports, arena can refer to an arena. But it is more commonly used as the word for sand. Argumento: This word and its verb form, argumenta r, refer to the type of argument a lawyer might make. It can also refer to the theme of a book, play or similar work. On the other hand, a quarrel could be a discusià ³n or disputa. Balance, balanceo, balancear: Although these words can sometimes be translated as balance, they most often refer to a swinging or oscillation. Words with meanings more closely related to the English balance include balanza, equilibrio, saldo, equilibrar, contrapesar  and saldar. Cndido: Although this word can mean frank, it more often means naively innocent. Colegio: The Spanish word can refer to almost any school, not just ones that provide university-level classes. Collar: This word is used when referring to the collar a pet (such as a dog) might wear, and it also can refer to a ringlike mechanical item known as a collar. But the collar of a shirt, jacket or similar type of apparel is a cuello (the word for neck). Collar can also refer to a necklace or similar item worn around the neck. Conducir: It can mean to conduct or (in the reflexive form conducirse) to conduct oneself. But it more often means to drive or to transport. For that reason, a conductor on a train (or other veh icle) is the person in the driving seat, not someone who handles tickets. Confidencia: Its meaning is related to the English meaning of confidence as a secret. If youre referring to trust in someone, confianza would be more appropriate. Criatura: Most commonly it means creature or being, including humans. But it is also commonly used to refer to babies and even to fetuses. Debate: This word often does refer to a debate, particularly one in a legislative body. But it also frequently refers to a discussion, one that doesnt have to include opposing viewpoints. Defraudar: This verb doesnt have to imply wrongdoing. Although it can mean to defraud, it more often means to disappoint. Demandar: As a legal term only, demandar and the noun form, la demanda, are similar to the English demand. But to demand something in a less formal situation, use exigir or exigencia. Direccià ³n: It usually means direction in most of the ways it is used in English. But it is also the most common way of referring to a postal or email address. Discusià ³n: The Spanish word often ca rries the connotation that a discussion has become heated. Alternatives include conversacià ³n and debate (which doesnt have to refer to a formal debate). En efecto: This phrase can mean in effect. But it also can mean in fact, not quite the same thing. Estupor: In medical usage, this word refers to a stupor. But in everyday meaning it refers to a state of amazement or astonishment. Usually the context will make clear what meaning is meant. Etiqueta: It can refer to etiquette and the requirements of formality. However, it also frequently means tag or label. The verb form, etiquetar, means to label. Excitado: This adjective can be synonymous with excited, but a closer equivalent is aroused - which doesnt necessarily have to do with sexual overtones but usually does. Better translations of excited include emocionado and agitado. Experimentar: This is what scientists and other people do when theyre trying something out. However, the word also often means to suffer or to experience. Familiar: In Spanish, the adjective is more closely connected with the meaning of family than in English. Often a better word to use for something youre fami liar with is conocido (known) or comà ºn (common). Habitual: The word often does mean habitual and it is a common translation for the English word. But it can refer to something that is normal, typical or customary. Hindà º: Hindà º can refer to a Hindu, but it can also refer to someone from India regardless of the persons religion. Someone from India can also be called an indio, a word also used to refer to indigenous people of North and South America. An American Indian is also often called an indà ­gena (a word both masculine and feminine). Historia: This word is obviously related to the English word history, but it is also similar to story. It can mean either one. Honesto: It can mean honest. But honesto and its negative form, deshonesto, more often have sexual overtones, meaning chaste and lewd or slutty, respectively. Better words for honest are honrado and sincero. Intentar: Like the English cognate, it can mean to plan or want to do something. But it also is frequently used to indicate more than a mental state, referring to an actual attempt. It thus is often a good translation for to try. Intoxicado, intoxicar: These words refer to almost any kind of poisoning. To refer specifically to the symptoms of alcohol poisoning, use borracho or any number of slang terms. Introducir: This verb can be translated as, among other things, to introduce in the sense of to bring in, to begin, to put or to place. For example, se introduce la ley en 1998, the law was introduced (put in effect) in 1998. But its not the verb to use to introduce someone. For that purpose, use presentar. Marcar: While it usually means to mark in some way, it also can mean to dial a telephone, to score in a game, and to notice. Marca is most often brand (with origins similar to the English trademark), while marco can be a window frame or picture frame. Miserà ­a: In Spanish, the word more often carries the connotation of extreme poverty than does the English misery. Notorio: Like the English notorious, it means well-known, but in Spanish it usually doesnt have the negative connotation. Opaco: It can mean opaque, but it can also mean dark or gloomy. Oracià ³n: Like the English oration, an oracià ³n can refer to a speech. But it also can refer to a prayer or a sentence (in the grammatical sense). Oscuro: It can mean obscure, but it more often means dark. Parientes: All of ones relatives are parientes in Spanish, not just parents. To refer to parents specifically, use padres. Peticià ³n: In English, petition as a noun most often means a list of names or a legal demand of some sort. Peticià ³n (among other words) can be used as a Spanish translation in such cases, but most often peticià ³n refers to almost any kind of request. Pimienta, pimiento: Although the English words pimento and pimiento come from the Spanish words pimienta and pimiento, they arent all interchangeable. Depending on region and speaker, the English terms can refer to allspice (malageta in Spanish) or a type of sweet garden pepper known as pimiento morrà ³n. Standing alone, both pimiento and pimienta are general words meaning pepper. More specifically, pimienta usually refers to a black or white pepper, while pimiento refers to a red or green pepper. Unless the context is clear, Spanish usually uses these words as part of a phrase such as pimiento de Padrà ³na (a type of small green pepper) or pimienta negra (black pepper). Preservativo: You might find yourself embarrassed if you go to a store and ask for one of these, because you could end up with a condom (sometimes referred to as a condà ³n in Spanish). If you want a preservative, ask for a conservante (although the word preservativo is also used at times). Probar: It can mean to probe or to test. But it is frequently used to mean to taste or to try on clothes. Profundo: It can have some of the meanings of the English profound. But it more often means deep. Propaganda: The Spanish word can have the negative implications of the English word, but it often doesnt, simply meaning advertising. Punto: Point often works as a translation of this word, but it also has a variety of other meanings such as dot, period, a type of stitch, belt hole, cog, opportunity, and taxi stand. Real, realismo: Real and realism are the obvious meanings, but these words also can mean royal and regalism. Similarly, a realista can be either a realist or a royalist. Fortunately, realidad is reality; to say royalty, use realeza.Relativo: As an adjective, relativo and relative are often synonymous. But there is no Spanish noun relativo corresponding to the English relative when it refers to a family member. In that case, use pariente.Rentar: In some areas of Latin America, rentar can indeed mean to rent. But it also has a more common meaning, to yield a profit. Similarly, the most common meaning of rentable is profitable.Rodeo: In the right context, it can mean rodeo, although there are differences between the typical rodeos of the United States and of Mexico. But it can also mean an encirclement, a stockyard, or an indirect path. Figuratively, it also can mean an evasive reply, a beating around the bush.Rumor: When used in a figurative sense, it indeed does mean rumor. But it als o often means a low, soft sound of voices, commonly translated as murmurring, or any soft, vague sound, such as the gurgling of a creek. Soportar: Although it can be translated as to support in some usages, it often is better translated as to tolerate or to endure. Some of the verbs that are better used to mean to support include sostener or aguantar in the sense of supporting weight, and apoyar or ayudar in the sense of supporting a friend.Suburbio: Both suburbs and suburbios can refer to areas outside a city proper, but in Spanish the word usually has a negative connotation, referring to slums. A more neutral word to refer to suburbs is las afueras.Tà ­pico: This word usually does mean typical, but it doesnt have the negative connotation that the English word often has. Also, tà ­pico often means something along the lines of traditional or having the characteristics of the local area. Thus if you see a restaurant offering comidas tà ­picas, expect food that is characteristic for the region, not merely typical food.Tortilla: In Spanish, the word can refer not only to a tortilla but also to an omelet.Último: Alt hough something that is the best can be referred to as lo à ºltimo, the word more commonly means last or most recent. Vicioso: Although this word is sometimes translated as vicious, it more often means depraved or simply faulty.Violar, violador: These words and words related to them have a sexual connotation more often than they do in English. While in English a violator may simply be someone who drives too fast, in Spanish a violador is a rapist.

The Ancient History of Abortion and When it Began

The Ancient History of Abortion and When it Began Abortion is often presented as if it were new, cutting-edge, scientifica product of the modern erawhen it is, in fact, as old as recorded history. Earliest Known Description of Abortion The earliest known description of abortion comes from the Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical text drawn, ostensibly, from records dating as far back as the third millennium BCE. The Ebers Papyrus suggests that an abortion can be induced with the use of a plant-fiber tampon coated with a compound that included honey and crushed dates. Later herbal abortifacients included the long-extinct silphium, the most prized medicinal plant of the ancient world, and pennyroyal, which is still sometimes used to induce abortions (but not safely, as it is highly toxic). In Aristophanes Lysistrata, Calonice refers to a young woman as well-cropped, and trimmed, and spruced with pennyroyal.Abortion is never explicitly mentioned in the Bible, but we know that the ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, among others, would have practiced it during their respective eras. The absence of any discussion of abortion in the Bible is conspicuous, and later authorities attempted to close the gap. The Babylonian Talmud (Niddah 23a) suggests a Jewish response, by a Rabbi Meir, that would have been consistent with contemporaneous secular sources permitting abortion during early pregnancy: [A woman] can only abort something in the shape of a stone, and that can only be described as a lump. Chapter two of an early Christian text prohibits all abortion  but does so only within the context of a longer passage that also condemns theft, covetousness, perjury, hypocrisy, and pride. Abortion is never mentioned in the Quran, and later Muslim scholars hold a range of views regarding the morality of the practicesome holding that it is always unacceptable, others holding that it is acceptable up to the 16th week of pregnancy. Earliest Legal Ban on Abortion The earliest legal ban on abortion dates from the 11th-century BCE Code of Assura  and imposes the death penalty on married women who procure abortions without the permission of their husbands. We know that some regions of ancient Greece also had some sort of ban on abortion, because there are fragments of speeches from the ancient Greek lawyer-orator Lysias (445-380 BCE) in which he defends a woman accused of having an abortion. But, much like the Code of Assura, it may have only applied in cases where the husband had not granted permission for the pregnancy to be terminated. The Hippocratic Oath forbade physicians from inducing elective abortions (requiring that physicians vow not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion), but Aristotle held that abortion was ethical if performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, writing in the Historia Animalium that there is a distinctive change that takes place early in the second trimester: About this period (the ninetieth day) the embryo begins to resolve into distinct parts, it having hitherto consisted of a fleshlike substance without distinction of parts. What is called effluxion is a destruction of the embryo within the first week, while abortion occurs up to the fortieth day; and the greater number of such embryos as perish do so within the space of these forty days. As far as we know, surgical abortion was not common until the end of the 19th century and would have been reckless prior to the invention of the Hegar dilator in 1879, which made dilation-and-curettage (DC) possible. But pharmaceutically-induced abortions, different in function and similar in effect, were extremely common in the ancient world.

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example However, the strategy will shift to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with the potential to eat into Nestle’s market share. The company will aggressively pursue the acquisition of SMEs within the next 7 years (The National, 2013). The company will also implement a hybrid structure combining holacracy and hierarchy that facilitate good interpersonal relations, communication, and faster promotions for the best performing employees (Revill, 2013). The entry strategy is based on excellent positioning and competitive pricing. Nestle intends to position itself as an internationally respected brand that guarantees quality products at affordable prices (Koltrowitz, 2013). Dairy products will be priced much lower than confectionaries because they have the largest markets. Baby food and nutritional products will be priced 3% lower than whatever rivals are offering (Y-Sing, 2014). Currently, the company forecasts a 6% growth in sales revenue for the first year of operation. However, the intention is to achieve a 13% steady growth in the next 5 years, followed by 15% within the next 10 years. In the first year of operation, Nestle will have a 13.5% market share. The objective is to increase market share to 27% in the next 3 years and then 50% within 4 years (Nestle, 2014). This will be supported by aggressive marketing and competitive pricing. The company would like to go public in Kuwait to raise enough money to fund its expansionist strategy (World Bakers, 2013). However, this proposal is still hampered by increasing risk levels in the Kuwaiti market. The company intends to manage this risk for the next 6 years before it goes public. Algethami, S. (2014, February 24) Nestle Middle East aims to triple sales by 2020, viewed December 2, 2014, from . InsiderMedia. (2014, November 19) Record year for overseas confectionery sales, viewed December 2, 2014, from

Respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Respond - Essay Example The narrator spins the story around several occurrences at the office. These range from the worsening situation of the company caused by leaving of the clients which subsequently leads to the firing of the employees; to personal issues faced by the employees such as Amber’s unexpected pregnancy, speculation about personal life, death, illness, fear of work place violence, Benny’s totem-pole dilemma, Carl’s depression and pharmaceutical abuse as well as the disintegration by Chris over his chair issues. The story culminates with the discovery that the cool-headed Lynn is dying of cancer. I feel that the ‘we’ connotation used by the narrator is questionable to some extent. This is because even though the narrator uses the plural pronoun ‘we’ to narrate the story and insinuate a sense of solidarity at the workplace, this is far from the truth as the coworkers know every little about each other and are unable to maintain genuine long-term relationships at the

The Life Insurance Need Analysis

The Life Insurance Need Analysis Under this, the insured person pays the premium regularly to insurance company, once a policy is taken, and in lieu of this, the insurer promises to pay a fixed sum of money at the time of the death of insured or on the expiry of a specified period of time, whichever is earlier. The payment for life insurance is certain but the event for which insurance is taken is not very certain. A Beneficiary can be a Person, Business, Trust, or Estate. The Owner of the policy is the Person or Organization who pays the premiums and has ownership rights : The right to name the beneficiary The right to receive dividends and to surrender the policy for cash The right to change ownership The right to assign a policy as collateral for a loan. Death is certain, but when it occurs is not Life insurance is of utmost importance for all individuals, businesses, communities, society and general public at large. If offers protection against loss of income and compensates the titleholders of the policy. It has other principal functions besides making cash payment on death of a life insured. Life is unpredictable. As the head of the family, everyone wants a secured life for their family members. The nightmares about your familys financial protection keep haunting you. You need life Insurance because typically the need for income continues for those who are financially dependent on you, but there is no guarantee of your ability to earn consistently and for the rest of your life. Life insurance can help you safeguard the financial needs of your family. To replace income the family would need to maintain their standard of living after the death of a wage earner. Life insurance insures your life and reduces any hardship your family may have to bear in the unfortunate event of your death. Insurance can provide an emergency cash reserve. It can provide capital to pay last expenses and operating capital during a familys readjustment period. to pay off a mortgage loan and other personal and business debts or to create a rent fund. To create a fund for childrens education. To create a family emergency fund or a fund for a family member with special needs. Life insurance proceeds generate a financial lump sum that can be used to cover a familys current and long-term operating expenses. It facilitates savings for old age to enjoy secured and peaceful life as the earning capacity of a person is reduced after retirement. It encourages people to save money by making them obliged to pay premium regularly when a life policy is taken. It helps to mobilize savings of the public to channelize it for investment and thus promote economic development of the country. It (policy) can be used as a security to raise loans and thus improves credit worthiness of an individual or a business. It also has tax benefits as under Income Tax Act, premium paid is allowed as a deduction from the total income. Exhibit 1 : Life Expectancy Graph of life expectancies from birth and from age 65 from 1900 to 2003. In order to estimate the amount of life insurance that is required an agent must be able to assess with the client which costs would be faced by the survivors resulting from the premature death of the proposed life insured, and how much it would cost to maintain the same or similar standard of living. A fact-finding interview with the client will begin by establishing qualitative goals. Once quality of life has been planned then this figure can be assigned to meet those objectives. These figures are called quantitative goals. Qualitative Goals Qualitative goals are quality of life goals. They reveal lifestyle choices that have a direct bearing on expenses, risk tolerance, and investment choices. For example; a family chooses to vacation each year in England of a month has made a qualitative decision. Quantitative Goals Quantitative goals are the dollar figures assigned to qualitative goals. For example, the family who vacations in England for a month needs Rs.22,000 to pay for their holiday. What Is Life Need Analysis ? It is the actual amount that would be needed to maintain the surviving dependants for the period they remain dependants. By considering all offsetting resources and benefits, the aggregate need for insurance can be trimmed to the unmet need for insurance the gap to be filled in order to satisfy the established goals. This net estimate may be used as the basis for a specific sales proposal. The nature of the unmet needs might also suggest the amounts and combination of types of insurance to recommend, such as a specified amount of whole life or other form of level coverage and a specified amount of decreasing term coverage. There are three basic methods for measuring life insurance needs : The Human Life Value Approach and The Needs Approach The Capital Retention Approach Each approach is a tool to help determine the amount of life insurance needed by an individual or family. Life insurance provides protection from the permanent loss of income that arises from premature death. The approaches are based on the principle that a life has economic value. This value is called capitalized value of life. Capitalized value may be represented by the sum earned as salary by an income-earner who dies during the prime of his or her life. Capitalized value may also be represented by the loss of income-in-kind such as the cost of having to provide day-care, then costs of day-care or nanny services will be a cost for the survivor to pay. The objective of insurance is to replace the capitalized value of the life insured with a sum of money that when invested at the interest rate in effect at the time of need analysis will provide an annual income stream equivalent to the annual lost earning power of the life insured. This can be expressed as : Annual Income Need à · prevailing Interest Rate = Lump Sum insurance required Capitalization of income determines the amount of insurance needed to replace that lost income. Capital retention determines the amount of insurance needed to pay capital costs of survivors by providing a lump sum-the interest earned on the lump sum provides the income. For example; if todays interest rate is 4%, the capitalized value of a life insured who earns Rs. 60,000 annually is Rs. 60,000 / 4% i.e. Rs. 15,00,000. This means Rs.15 lacs would have to be invested at 4% so that Rs. 60,000 could be used annually for expenses that would have been paid by the income earner. For the Financial Dependency of Survivors The three phases of financial dependency and the costs that survivors will face during these phases are : Readjustment/ Last Expenses Dependency/ Ongoing Expenses Survivor Life Income Needs/ Future Expenses (all explained later in this chapter) It provides ample information to establish the most effective means for that potential loss. Considerations can be personal, property or the liability. Needs Analysis can help determine the right amount of life insurance that is appropriate for your needs. It explains the overall principals behind estimating the costs associated with the death or disablement of an income earner and the provision of ongoing support for any dependants and/or the insured. Also outlines the factors to consider in the planning the amount of cover for short term disablement or illness. Again it explains how the value of property assets should be estimated for insurance purposes and develops a comprehensive and integrated set of insurance policy options for the particular clients needs and circumstances. These other assets will help in determining the amount and kind of insurance necessary to meet the applicants current and future needs. When estimating the potential contribution of Social Security benefits to survivors income, you should be aware of something known as the blackout period. This is the period of time after the youngest child is 16 years old and before the surviving spouse becomes eligible for retirement benefits. During this period, no benefits will be paid by Social Security to a surviving spouse. Offsetting benefits may reduce or even eliminate some of the items in the needs list. If existing medical insurance has a large lifetime benefit, any uninsured exposure related to a last illness may be limited to the deductibles and coinsurance, if any. Existing life insurance may substantially reduce a number of needs. Group life insurance will not provide a retirement income, but it will reduce the need for insurance by a working parent working with minor children in the family. An unpaid mortgage may already be fully insured by a credit life policy. Social Security and other available benefits might cut the remaining need for retirement income considerably. How much Life Insurance/ Determining the Need for Life Insurance (A General Concept) Well, the answer isnt really how much life insurance you need actually your life insurance needs often depend on a number of factors, including whether youre married, the size of your family, the nature of your financial obligations, your career stage and your goals. Its how much investment capital your family will need at the time of your death. This excellent question is to which there are as many answers as there are people to ask. Every advisor, financial columnist and relative has a formula that they consider the best. There are a number of approaches you can use to figure out how much insurance you should have. This section is designed to present the various need analysis methods used, as well as the pros and cons of each method. As these issues deal with how to value a life, it is indeed a very complex proposition. The method that makes the most sense to you is probably the one that may work the best for you. No method is perfect, as you are trying to hit a moving target. Life brings many changes and your needs will change with them. The more assumptions you make, the more complex you will make your planning and the more chances there are that something will not work as planned. This does not mean that you should only use simplest methods it is to give you a concept of why it is important to actively participate in all of your planning, fully understand it, and constantly monitor it. After all, it is your money. Remarkably, the simplest formulas can often be the best. Another thought to keep in mind is that as your other assets grow, such as retirement plans and investments, your need for life insurance will decrease. What determines your life insurance need ? Methods of calculating life insurance need Insurance mistakes What determines your life insurance need ? Life Stages and Circumstances When determining your life insurance need, you should first consider your life stage and circumstances. Marital status, number of dependents, size and nature of financial obligations, your career stage, and your intentions to pass on your property are all factors to consider. Your need for life insurance changes as the circumstances of your life change. Starting Out In the Starting Out stage of life, you may be just beginning your career or family. You may not have children or other dependents at this stage, but that doesnt mean you have no obligations. For instances, if you paid for your college education with student loans, you likely had a cosigner for your loan-may be your parents or a grandparent. The same may be true of your car loan. If you were to die before the loan is paid, your cosigner would be obligated to pay the debt. Under law, a cosigner is responsible for full payment of a debt in the event of default. Death doesnt erase the debt obligation. single Adult A growing percentage of the population now falls into the single adult demographic group. This group covers a broad spectrum of ages, lifestyles, and obligations. Family Obligations-Parents Although you may not have a spouse, your death could have a serious financial impact on other family members. If, like many adults, you are supporting your parents (either financially or with care), your death could have a major impact, both emotionally and financially. They would not only lose the support you have been providing to them, but they would also need to come up with the money for your final expenses. Family Obligations-Children If you are a single parent, the primary financial support for your children would die with you. If you are lucky, you may have family members who would step in and help your children if you died. If you are even luckier, they will be able to provide your children with the education and lifestyle you had hoped for them to have. Your need for life insurance as a single parent is even greater than that of a dual-parent, dual-income household, which would still have one income if one parent died. Life insurance is a cost-effective way to make sure that your children are protected financially should anything happen to you. Debt Obligations In this stage of life, you may still be paying for or even still accumulated education loans. You may have purchased a house or condo with a cosigner. If you died, your cosigner would be legally liable for the payments on the debt. Protect Your Insurability Another reason to buy life insurance at this stage of your life is to protect your future insurability. Once you buy a permanent, cash value life insurance policy, it remains in effect for your entire life (assuming the premiums are paid), even if your health changes. If you were to experience a serious change in health, you might not be able to buy additional insurance coverage, but you would still have the permanent coverage you already own. Dual-Income Couple or Family If you and your spouse both earn an income, it is possible that if one of you died, the other may be able to cope financially on the remaining income. If there are mortgages, joint credit cards or other debt, or children in the picture, the loss of one income could be much more difficult to overcome. The more people who depend on your income while you are alive, the more life insurance you should own. If you died today with insufficient or no insurance, your mate could be forced to give up the residence or lifestyle for which you have both worked. When there are children involved, the loss of one breadwinner could mean a setback in the daily way of life, not to mention any plans for private school or college. Parent of Grown Children Just because your children have grown up and left the nest doesnt mean you have no need for life insurance. you may have spent your entire adult life building an estate that you intend to pass on to your children, grandchildren, or favorite charity. You can use life insurance to ensure that the bulk of your estate passes to your heirs or designated charitable organization subject to certain tax advantages. Part of Overall Financial Planning Determining your life insurance needs should not be done in isolation. Instead, it should be looked at as part of your overall financial plan, with consideration given to your goals for savings and retirement, as well as tax and estate planning. As your life changes, your financial goals may change, as well as your need for life insurance, making it important to also periodically review your coverage. Methods of Calculating Life Insurance Need Several methods are used to calculate the appropriate level of insurance for you and your situation. While they all share common features, some methods strive to be more simplistic, while others involve more sophisticated calculations. You may want to determine an amount on your own, using one of the simpler methods. This can provide a basis for your discussions with your financial planner. Insurable Interest Before you begin calculating your insurance needs, it is important to determine insurable interest. Basically, having an insurable interest in a persons life means that you would suffer emotional or financial harm or loss if that person were to die. It is always assumed that you have an insurable interest in your own life. However, to prove an insurable interest in someone elses life, you must have a relationship to that person based on blood, marriage, or monetary interest. You must have an insurable interest before you can purchase an insurance policy. Family Needs Approach The family needs approach is one of the more comprehensive methods of calculating your life insurance needs. It assumes that the purpose of life insurance is to cover the needs of the surviving family members. This method takes into account the immediate and ongoing needs of the surviving family members, as well as income from other sources and the value of assets that could be used to help defray the familys expenses (such as bank accounts and real estate). Capital Retention Approach The capital retention approach is one of two calculation methods under the family needs approach. This approach assumes that life insurance principal will support the family indefinitely into the future. Because you will purchase more life insurance under this method, you will be in a better position if the surviving spouse lives longer than expected. Capital Liquidation Approach The capital liquidation approach is the second of two calculation methods under the family needs approach. This method does not provide as much continuing capital for the surviving spouse or for heirs after the death of the surviving spouse. However, it does allow you to spend less money by purchasing a lesser amount of life insurance coverage. Estate Preservation and Liquidity Needs The estate preservation and liquidity needs approach attempts to determine the amount of insurance needed at death for items such as taxes, expenses, fees, and debts while preserving the value of the estate. This method considers all the variables of family lifestyle and the total cash needed to maintain the current value of the estate while providing adequate cash needed to cover estate expenses and taxes. Income Replacement Approach The income replacement calculation is based on the theory that the purpose of insurance is to replace the loss of your paycheck when you die. This analysis determines an economic or human life value and factors in salary increases and the effects of inflation in determining the appropriate level of coverage. While more comprehensive than the rules of thumb, this method still fails to consider special circumstances or financial needs and operates on the premise that the current level of income provides a satisfactory standard of living that will remain level throughout the future. Rules of Thumb The rules of thumb are extremely basic calculations. They provide a starting point but fail to recognize special family circumstances or needs and focus only on the most basic components. One rule of thumb dictates that multiplying your salary by a certain number will provide an adequate level of insurance, while another calculates need based on normal living expenses. Insurance Mistakes No Insurance The worst mistake you could make concerning life insurance is having a need and not having any insurance at all. Very often, people can find all sorts of excuses for not buying life insurance. Its no fun to plan for your death, for one thing. For another, theres the tendency to think that dying wont happen to you, only to some person you read about in the obituaries. But how many times have you heard about a young, apparently healthy person dying suddenly in a car accident, leaving behind a spouse, a young child, and no insurance? Sadly, it happens, and when it does, the family faces not only emotional trauma but possibly an extremely difficult financial situation, as well. Not Enough Insurance The majority of people with insurance are underinsured. Insufficient coverage can occur as a result of buying what is affordable instead of what is needed. Failure to review your coverage periodically could also result in insufficient insurance, even if you started out with adequate levels. Inflation rates, your career, and your lifestyle may have changed. Your family could be faced with a large financial gap and left unable to maintain the current lifestyle if you died today. Consequences could include loss of the family home, scaling back of college plans, and possibly years of financial difficulty. Too Much Insurance If you purchased a large policy during one point in your life and then didnt adjust your coverage when your insurance need was reduced, it is possible that you have too much life insurance. this is another good reason to periodically review your coverage with your financial planning professional. Periodic reviews of your insurance coverage can reveal opportunities to change your levels of coverage to match your current and projected needs. Nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦review your coverageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Trying to figure out how much life insurance is enough isnt always easy, and that amount will likely change with your changing circumstances. By examining your familys anticipated expenses during various periods after your death, you get a more realistic estimate of your life insurance needs. Unfortunately, many people underestimate their insurance needs and are under-insured. Often, the purchase of life insurance is based on cost instead of whats needed. By the same token, its possible to have more insurance than you need. You may have purchased a large policy during a particular point in your life, and then didnt adjust your coverage when your insurance need was reduced. Both of these circumstances are reasons to review your insurance coverage periodically with your financial professional. Doing so can reveal opportunities to change your levels of coverage to match your current and projected life insurance needs. Determining the Need for Life Insurance/ How Much is Enough? (A General Concept) HUMAN LIFE APPROACH The present value of the familys share of the deceased breadwinners future earnings. The human life value concept deals with human capital. Human capital is persons income potential. The Human Life Value approach uses mathematical computation to determine how much life insurance is needed by valuing a human life. The Human Life Value approach considers the human being to be an income-producing machine. It is a device that mathematically converts your output into an amount of cash, your expected income until retirement. It determines the value today of cash that is flowing out in the future. This method focuses on an individuals future stream of income. It considers such things as annual salary and expenses, years remaining until retirement, and the future value of current rupees and translates this into an amount of insurance needed to replace the income stream in the event of premature death. What is your Human Life Value ? Beyond all doubt, your life is invaluable. Yet, there is a certain worth that can be attributed to the financial support you offer your parents, spouse or children. This worth is referred to as Human Life Value (HLV). In the future, if your family does not have the protective blanket of your presence, they will no longer be able to enjoy the benefits of the income you earned. Put simply, Human Life Value is the present value of your future earnings. Why should you calculate your Human Life Value ? You should calculate your Human Life Value so you can accordingly invest in insurance plans that provide your family with adequate finances and hence security even in your absence. The human life value concept goes beyond numbers and considers the entire impact caused by the loss of a human life and the value to a persons loved ones. How much are your tomorrows worth? What is your Potential Earning Power (PEP) HLV of any person can be measured by capitalized value of that part of his income or income earning capacity devoted or meant for dependants arising out of economic forces incorporated within his being, like character, health education, training, experience and ambition. For better understanding let us see some illustrations. Illustration Mr. X :- Age-40 yrs, Retirement age-60 yrs, Current salary-3,00,000 per annum (expected to remain same), Personal expenses-1,25,000, Net contribution to family-1,75,000 (300000 125000). Suppose he dies at the age of 40. Income lost by the family-175000 * 20 yrs (60 40) * discount rate for 20 yrs (Present value factor): 19,00,000. Illustration Mr. Y :- Age-30 yrs, Age of spouse-27 yrs, Life expectancy of spouse-70 yrs, Age of child-3 yrs, Childs share of monthly household expenditure-10 %, Child will remain dependant till-22 yrs, Monthly household expenditure Rs. 40,000, Out of this, amount spent on Mr. Y Rs. 10,000. Expected inflation in household expenditure 5 %, Money to be set aside for childs education (in present value terms) Rs. 10,00,000. Money to be set aside for childs marriage/ other needs (in present value terms) Rs. 7,50,000. Outstanding loans Rs. 15,00,000. Other liabilities Rs. 5,00,000. Medical expenditure/ emergency fund Rs. 5,00,000. Rate of return on low risk securities/ deposits 8 %. Hence, HLV will be Rs. 1,66,45,475. If the rate of return on low risk securities/ deposits is 7 %, Revised HLV will be Rs 1,81,83,996. How do you determine your Human Life Value ? This approach is about determining how much insurance is needed and is based simply on how much income the proposed insured earns. All individuals who have financial dependants need life insurance. Factors to be taken into consideration while calculating HLV are age, current and future expenses and current and future income. The formula is; Annual Income / Interest Rate = Lump Sum (The Human Life Value). Illustration If the annual income of the primary wage-earner is Rs.30,000, the total amount of insurance needed would be (assuming a nominal rate of interest of 8% and a long-term inflation rate of 3%, the real rate of interest is 5%): Rs. 30,000 à ·.05 = Rs.600,000 (human life value = amount of insurance required) If Rs.600,000 is invested at 5%, the return will be Rs.30,000 annually. Thus, the family of the insured has, in economic terms, would replace the income-earning value of the life lost through a policy with a Rs.600,000 death benefit. Illustration An insured makes Rs.42,000 a year and the current interest rate is 3.4%. She has a generous policy plus disability benefits that pay 70% of her salary. How much life insurance does she need based on capitalization of income? A. Rs. 1428 B. Rs. 12352.94 C. Rs. 1,42,800 D. Rs.1,235,294.10 There are different school of thoughts and approaches for purchasing and calculating the needs of life insurances, which say as under : One should purchase insurance worth 5 to 10 times the current annual income. This is an old thumb rule that does not take into consideration current assets and any special needs the customer or their family may have. Thus, When ones annual income is known, the insurance need is calculated simply as annual income multiplied by the number of years to service left. Ones yearly outgo towards Insurance premium should be 10% of ones annual Income. Thus, Life insurance need is, the financial need analysis approach. This is an approach which can take care of specific needs of an individual. Here, the basic objective is that the insurance coverage should be sufficient to provide for the dependants needs in case the breadwinner dies early. Steps for Calculating Human Life Value Approach In the human life value approach, the first step is to find the amount of annual income that is surplus to the individual. The surplus is the amount above what the insured would consume himself; which provides the overall standard of living for the individual and the family. The surplus includes amounts spent on education for children, automobiles, vacations, clothing, and food for everyone in the family except him. The items to include in costs of self-maintenance are any money spent on his portion of housing, his clothing, food, the portion of his salary that goes for FICA, federal, state, and local taxes, and all other expenses to maintain the insured as a productive asset. The next part of the human life value approach involves plugging the given information into the mathematical model and calculating the answer. To determine the surplus, subtract the self-maintenance expenses from the average income. Exhibit 2 : Steps for Calculating Human Life Value Approach Weaknesses of the Human Life Value Approach Other sources of income are ignored, (e.g., business earnings), it is calculated by using a constant income stream over the life of the insured since it is difficult to know what increase in income is probable. It ignores the number of years that income (mentioned above) will be required; a person aged 25 and a person aged 65 would appear to require the same amount of coverage. In its simplest form, work earnings and expenses are assumed to be constant and employee benefits are ignored. The amount of money allocated to the family can quickly change because of divorce, birth of child, or death of a family member. The effects of inflation on earnings and expenses are ignored. Points to Ponder : One, HLV is a moving target and to make it meaningful, you must review it once a year. Rather than chasing the revised HLV year after year, the aim should be to get the broad trend right with the expectation that in the long-term, the actual and estimate will converge. Two, do not get overawed by the HLV numbers thrown up. The `number is just a starting point and must be put into the context of your present ability to set aside money. Three, remain disciplined in the sense that at any point in time you should have planned in such a manner that in your absence, your family will not need to compromise on their yet-to-be fulfilled needs. NEEDS APPROACH It is a method of calculating how much life insurance is required by an individual/ family to meet their needs (expenses) if the family head dies. These include things like funeral expenses, legal fees, estate and gift taxes, business buyout costs, probate fees, medical deductibles, emergency funds, mortgage expenses, rent, debt and loans, college, child care, private schooling and maintenance costs. This approach contrasts the human-life approach. The needs approach is a function of two variables: How much will be needed at death to meet obligations ? How much future income is needed to sustain the household ? When calculating your expenses, it is best to overestimate your needs a little. By doing this you will be buying and paying for a little more insurance than you need, but if you underestimate, you wont rea

Legt1710

LEGT1710: Business and the Law Assignment 1 Semester 1, 2013 Word Limit: 1000 words Due Week 4 – to be handed in to your tutor in your Week 4 tutorial class (ie: the week commencing Monday 25 March 2013) Part One (10 marks) Reflecting on the lectures about the doctrine of precedent and how judges can make laws in the Australian legal system, and using Latimer’s Australian Business Law (CCH, 2013), explain how judicial decisions can change the law and what is meant by â€Å"the common law†.Use case examples to illustrate your answer. (Suggest 700-800 words) Part Two (5 marks) Australia was originally governed from England. Imagine that the British Government passed an Act which stated that: â€Å"All land in New South Wales shall be held on leasehold title from the Crown. † Would this be a valid Act if passed in: (1) 1795? (2) 1895? (3) 1995? (Suggest 200-300 words) Guidelines for Assignment 1: Your starting point will be to read the: †¢ †¢ week 1 and 2 lecture notes and tutorial materials. elevant chapters of Paul Latimer's Australian Business Law32nd edn, 2013. Students may also want to consider referring to: †¢ other business law textbooks available through the UNSW Law Library; †¢ online materials available on the UNSW Library database (such as journal articles, cases, commentaries etc). Students are asked NOT TO BOTHER THE LAW LIBRARIANS unnecessarily. Students should reference their answers appropriately – see Course Outline at Appendix A, pp 6-9. (NOTE: a bibliography is NOT required for this Assignment. )

Summary Of The Prologue Essay - 2169 Words

1. In the prologue, Jacobs reassures the readers that her embark on her story is not to create sympathy to herself or to call for attention. Instead, Jacobs says that she wrote her story, because she wanted to make the women of the North realize the different type of conditions that slave women of the South had to go through (meaning sexual abuse and being separated from her children). Many of which suffered just as Jacobs did, some even far worse. Another motivation she has is for those that live in the free states to comprehend the true darkness of slavery in hopes of gaining their support for anti-slavery movements. Jacob mentions that the only way one can truly understand the horror, is by living it each and every loathsome day just as Jacobs did (Jacobs 1-2). 2. In the prologue, Jacob mentions that she was born a slave, and had remained being a slave in a slave state for twenty-seven years. While writing her account, by this time, she was living up North during the 1860’s. Which is where she had been working hard to maintain support for herself and that her children gained education. During the 1850’s, the historical context was that slavery was the main issue that occurred within the United States. In which, there were states that supported slavery and there were states that opposed slavery. Which created problems amongst the people living in those states to come up with a compromise. Linda was a young girl, born a slave in North Carolina. During this time theShow MoreRelatedCanterbury Tales Analysis841 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives a detailed description of what life was like in Medieval times . In the â€Å"Prologue†, the reader comes to better understand the people of the time period through the characters words and actions. Chaucer uses a variety of groups of society to give the reader a deeper insight into the fourteenth century Pilgrims customs and values. 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